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Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or fun Function Form Vs Function…. Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 14.1 Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Atoms Cells are made up of molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Smooth muscle tissue Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Maintain boundaries EX:Body org.-skin, pleura-organs, membrane-cell Movement Locomotion-external Movement of substances-internal Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down & absorb nutrients Mechanical- mouth & stomach Chemical- mouth, stomach , SI Metabolism: ALL chemical reactions within the body Produces energy & Makes body structures Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions: solid, liquid & gas Reproduction Pass on genetic traits/DNA Growth Increases cell size and number of cells Nutrients Chemicals that includes carbohydrates (energy), proteins (cell building), lipids ( stored energy), vitamins, and minerals (reactions & catalysts) Oxygen Required to breakdown sugar & release energy (ATP) Water 60–80% of body weight, Necc. for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature- necc for reactions Pressure- Atmospheric- Breathing Hydrostatic- Blood movement Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Variable (in homeostasis) Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Effector Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Variable (in homeostasis) Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Control center Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Reproductive Produces offspring Symptoms-more subjective, more difficult to measure consistently. Ex: pain (tolerance to pain varies with individuals) Still important to diagnosis Specific group of signs and symptoms is a syndrome. Signs and symptoms lead to a diagnosis-an identification of a disease determined by studying a patient’s signs, symptoms, history and results of diagnostic tests Obtaining the medical history can help determine the etiology, or cause of the disease Idiopathic Vestibular The prognosis is Disease the prediction of Idopathic –no known cause the outcome of Vestibular-inner the disease ear/balance Translation-we don’t know why your cat walks in circles Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for Position Direction Regions Structures Anterior body landmarks Posterior body landmarks Superior (AKA: cranial or cephalad) Superior Towards the head Inferior (AKA: caudal) Away from the head Inferior The lungs are superior to the stomach The liver is inferior to the heart Posterior (AKA: dorsal) Toward the backside or behind Anterior (AKA: ventral) Toward the front Anterior Posterior The tongue is anterior to the uvula Tongue Uvula Medial More towards the midline of the body, on the inner side of The heart is medial to the arm Lateral More towards the side of the body, on the outside of The arms are lateral to the chest Proximal Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk The elbow is proximal to the wrist Distil Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk The fingers are distal to the elbow Superficial Toward or at the body surface The skin is superficial to the skeleton Deep Away from the body surface, more internal The lungs are deep to the rib cage A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts Figure 1.6 Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity houses the brain Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs You may have heard of an umbilical bulge or an inguinal hernia, and now you know exactly where such hernias are located. A hernia is a tear in the muscle wall that allows a structure (usually an organ) to protrude through it. Sometimes this can be a minor nuisance, but a hernia can also be very dangerous if the blood flow to the portion of the organ that is protruding is restricted. Restricted blood flow can lead to death of the tissue and to serous consequences. Death of a tissue is called necrosis. Why are boys more likely to develop inguinaly hernias than girls?