Download Intro to Anatomy

Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
History of Anatomy
• Early interest from desire
to live through injuries
and illnesses
• Primitive healers learned
medicinal value of herbs
and potions
• Ancient peoples believed
that natural processes
caused by spirits and
supernatural forces
Trepanation
• Process of opening the
skull
• Used in primitive days
to release evil spirits
from head
• As you can guess – high
mortality
• Still done today –
Subdural hematomas
History of Anatomy
• Alcmaeon – c. 400 BC – First known scientist to
perform dissection. Searching for human intelligence
(still ongoing?)
• Herophilus – c. 300 BC – Human vivisection
• Galen – AD 158 – dissection of apes and pigs.
Overturned idea that arteries contain air.
• Vesalius – AD 1533 – dissection of human corpses. De
humani corporis fabrica libri septem
• William Harvey – AD 1628. Proposes blood flows in a
circulatory system with the heart as pump.
• Microscope (Malpighi and Leeuwenhook) – first
scientists to see capillaries and egg development
De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (On the
fabric of the human body in seven books)
• Vesalius
published
his book
at the
age of 28.
• It was
often
bound in
human
skin.
What is Anatomy and Physiology?
• Anatomy – the study of the structures and
relationships between the parts
• Physiology – the study of the function of body
parts and the body as a whole
• Anatomy will name a bone and its position
while physiology will describe its function,
growth, repair, and importance to rest of body
• Movement - self initiated change in position,
motion of internal parts
• Responsiveness (irritability) - Ability to sense
changes within, or around the organism and
react to them
• Growth - increase in body size
• Reproduction - Parents produce offspring /
producing new individuals
• Respiration - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to
release energy from food substances, and
getting rid of wastes
• Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down)
food substances, and getting rid of wastes
• Absorption - Passage of Digested products (food
substances) through membranes and into body
fluids
• Circulation - Movement of substances throughout
the body
• Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances
into chemically different substances
• Excretion - Removal of wastes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
I am walking to Mcdonalds (movement)
I stop at the traffic light (response)
My body is growing (growth)
I am breathing air (respiration)
I get a hamburger and eat it (digestion)
My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption)
The hamburger circulates in my body
(circulation)
• The hamburger is changed to things my body
needs (assimilation)
• Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion)
• Someday I may reproduce (reproduction)
Levels of Organization
• Chemical – atoms and
molecules provide
framework for all living
activities
• Cell – smallest unit of life;
structural unit
• Tissue – group of cells
with common function
• Organ – different tissues
working together to
perform activity
Levels of Organization
• Organ system – two or
more organs working
together to accomplish
a task
• Organism – obtain and
process energy, respond
to stimuli, and ability to
reproduce
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 2
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Figure 1.1, step 3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Figure 1.1, step 4
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1, step 5
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1, step 6
Organ Systems
• 11 organ systems make up the organism:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
• The organ systems work together, not in isolation
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Anatomical Terminology
• Anatomical Position –
standing erect, facing
forward, arms down at
side with palms forward
• Directional terms used
to describe relative
position of one part to
another
Directional Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anterior (Ventral) – front
Posterior (Dorsal) – back
Proximal – near
Distal – far
Lateral – to the side
Medial - toward middle
Superior – above
Inferior - below
Anterior Body Landmarks
• Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
• Acromial – point of shoulder
• Antebrachial – forearm
•Antecubial – anterior surface of elbow
•Axillary – armpit
•Brachial – arm
•Buccal – cheek area
•Carpal – wrist
•Cervical – neck region
•Coxal –hip
•Crural –leg
•Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
•Digital – fingers, toes
•Femoral – thigh
•Fibular – lateral part of leg
•Inguinal – area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
•Nasal – nose area
•Oral – mouth
•Orbital – eye area
•Patellar – anterior knee
•Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
•Pubic – genital region
•Sternal – breastbone area
•Tarsal – ankle region
•Thoracic – chest
•Umbilical - navel
Posterior Body Landmarks
•Calcaneal – heel of foot
•Cephalic – head
•Femoral – thigh
•Gluteal – buttock
•Lumbar – area of back between ribs and hips
•Occipital – posterior surface of head
•Olecranal – posterior surface of elbow
•Popliteal – posterior knee area
•Sacral – area between hips
•Scapular – shoulder blade region
•Sural – posterior surface of lower leg; calf
•Vertebral – area of spine
•Plantar (interior body) – sole of the foot
Body Planes and Sections
• To look at the internal structures of the body,
physicians make a section, or cut.
• When a section goes through an organ, it is
along an imaginary line called a plane.
Sagittal Section
• Sagittal section – cut along
lenthwise (logitudinal) plane
of the body, diving into L
and R
•If L and R are equal and cut
is down the median plane of
the body, it is called a
median or midsagittal
section
Frontal Section
• Frontal section –
cut along the
lengthwise plane
that divides the
body into anterior
and posterior
parts. Also called a
coronal section.
Transverse Section
• Transverse section
– cut along a
horizontal plane,
dividing the body
into superior and
inferior parts.
•Also called a cross
section
Body Cavities
•Body cavities provide different
degrees of protection to the organs
within them.
•There are two: dorsal and ventral.
•Dorsal body cavity –two divisions:
•Cranial cavity – space inside
skull
•Spinal cavity – extends from
cranial cavity to end of vertebral
column.
•Vertebrae surround spinal
cavity
Body Cavities
•Ventral body cavity is much larger
than the dorsal cavity.
•Contains all structures within the
chest and abdomen
•Subdivisions:
•Superior thoracic cavity –
separated by diaphragm
•Protected by rib cage
•Abdominopelvic cavity
•Abdominal cavity –
contains stomach, liver,
intestines
•Pelvic cavity –
reproductive organs,
bladder, rectum
Quadrants of Abdominopelvic Cavity
Regions of Abdominopelvic Cavity
Anterior view of ventral body cavity
Homeostasis
• Conditions remaining
relatively stable
• Response of an
organism to stimuli
maintains homeostasis
of the organism
• Operates on a negative
feedback cycle.
Negative Feedback
• Control center in brain, set point at 37°C.
• When body temp climbs above 37.2°C, heat
loss is increased through blood flow to skin.
• Similar to thermostat, with set point and
effector response to return to normal temp.
• What is an example of positive feedback?
– Labor. Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates
uterine contractions. As contractions occur
more oxytocin is released and so on.
Homeostasis
• All homeostatic control mechanisms have:
• Receptor – sensor that monitor and responds
to changes in environment (stimuli)
– Afferent pathway from receptor to control center
• Control Center – determines the level at
which a variable is to be maintained and
determines appropriate response
• Effector – controls means for response
– Efferent pathway from control center to effector
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
• Body temperature is an example of something
that the human body maintains through
homeostasis = human thermoregulation
• Example: Heat
• Receptor?
– Skin cells
• Control Center?
– Hypothalamus
• Effector?
– Sweat glands secrete sweat; causing heat loss by
evaporative cooling