Download A Frame of Reference for Anatomical Study Anatomy and

A Frame of Reference for
Anatomical Study
Anatomy and Physiology
Mr. Knowles
Chapter 1
Liberty Senior High School
Anatomical Terms of
Direction and Position
• Created for communicating the
direction and relative positions of
body structures.
• Most have Latin or Greek roots.
• Some are eponyms
(commemorative names).
Anatomical Landmarks
• Based on figures in the
anatomical position.
• Maybe lying down supine (face
up) or prone (face down).
• Example: brachium (arm);
brachialis muscle; brachial artery.
Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks
Figure 1.7a
Figure 1.7b
Anatomical Regions
• Describe general area of
interest or injury.
• Example: The Quadrants of
the Abdominopelvic Region
Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
and Regions
Figure 1.8a
Figure 1.8b, c
Some Anatomical Directions
(Table 1.1)
• Superior and Inferior
• Superior: toward the head
end; above
• Inferior: away from the
head end; below
Some Anatomical Directions
(Table 1.1)
• Anterior and Posterior
• Anterior: toward the front of
the body; in front of
• Posterior: toward the back of
the body; behind
Some Anatomical Directions
(Table 1.1)
• Dorsal and Ventral
• Dorsal: toward the back of
the body; behind
• Ventral: toward the belly
side
Some Anatomical Directions
(Table 1.1)
• Proximal and Distal
• Proximal: closer to the point
of attachment
• Distal: farther from the point
of attachment
Some Anatomical Directions
(Table 1.1)
• Medial and Lateral
• Medial: toward the midline
of the body
• Lateral: away from the
midline of the body
Some Anatomical Directions (Table 1.1)
• Superficial and Deep
• Superficial- at, near or
closer to the body surface.
• Deep- farther from the body
surface.
Figure 1.9 Directional References
Figure 1.9
Sectional Anatomy
• Describe three-dimensional structures.
• Sectional Planes:
Transverse Planes- divide the body into
superior/inferior sections.
Frontal Planes - divide the body into
anterior and posterior sections.
Sagittal Planes-divide the body into left and
right sections. Exactly equal halvesMidsagittal Section
Figure 1.10 Planes of Section
Figure 1.10
Transverse View
Transverse Sections of Entire
Human Body
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Frontal Sections of Entire Human
Body
Sagittal Plane
Sagittal Sections of Entire Human
Body
The Results of Sectional
Anatomy!
Head and
Neck
Brain: The
area occupied
by the brain
is shown in
yellow.
Thorax
Lungs: Follow the path of the right and left lungs (in blue).
Heart: Note the location of the heart (in red) with respect to the lungs. The heart
resides primarily on the left side of the body.
Abdomen
Liver: Follow the green outline of the liver. Notice that most of the organ resides on the right
side of the body. A thin region extends to the left side, running beneath the diaphragm.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract: The stomach, small intesine and colon are indiscriminantly labeled
in purple. Note how the loops of bowel travel across the abdomen.
Kidneys: Notice the more lateral positioning of the kidneys. Be certain to watch for both
kidneys - one on the left side, and one on the right side.
Body Cavities
• Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital
organs
– Cavities protect vital organs
– Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size
• Two body cavities
– Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the
spinal cavity
– Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and
the abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 1.12a Body Cavities
Figure 1.12a, b
Thoracic Cavities
• The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
• It is subdivided into the left and right pleural
cavities and the mediastinum (pericardial cavity)
– Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the
visceral and parietal pleura (serous membranes)
– The mediastinum (pericardial cavity) contains the
pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds
the heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the
peritoneum (serous membrane)
– The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to
the superior margins of the pelvis
• liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine
Abdominopelvic Cavity
– The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis,
with a floor of muscle
• reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final
portion of the large intestine