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NBio 146 Neurobiology of Disease Localization: Neuroanatomy Review http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/ http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/k carson.nsf/pages/492_592desc Planes of Section QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Anatomical Terms Anterior/Posterior Superior/Inferior Lateral/Medial Dorsal/Ventral Rostral/Caudal Anatomical Planes of Section in the Brain Horizontal, axial/ transverse/coronal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Central Visual Pathways QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Central Visual Pathways QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. 1. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. 2. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. 3. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. 4. Bitemporal hemianopia Homonymous hemianopia quadrantanopia QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. 5. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. 6. Macular sparing Motor Pathways QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Internal Capsule Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers arise from primary motor cortex. Corticobulbar axons terminate in the brainstem. 85% of corticospinal axons decussate in the lower medulla. 15% form the anterior corticospinal tract. Internal capsule has anterior limb, posterior limb and genu. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Upper MN Lower MN Individual muscles? No, groups Yes, sometimes Atrophy? Spasticity? Reflexes Babinski? Fasiculation? Minimal Yes HyperYes No Normal Marked No HypoNo Yes Slow increased decreased Nerve Conduction Tone Plantar Response Scrape object on sole of foot. Babinski sign indicative of UMN lesion. Normal in infants up to 1 yr. General Organization of the Motor Systems Neurological Differential Diagnosis 2 Computerized Tomography (CT) As in conventional X-rays, bone and other calcified structures are dense and appear white in CT scans. Less dense materials such as air appear black. Clear fluid such as CSF is black or dark gray. Isodense = intermediate density similar to brain tissue Hyperdense = increased tissue density = much lighter than brain tissue in CT Hypodense = decreased tissue density = much darker than brain tissue in CT Adipose tissue is hypodense bcz fat is less dense than water. Muscle has similar density to brain tissue. White matter is slightly darker (less dense) than gray matter due to the lipid content of myelin. MRI Function Comparison of CT and MRI Images Basic MRI image shows greater anatomical detail SPECT imaging of increased blood flow to area of seizure Bold fMRI map of sensorimotor and language cortex Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas shown during speech Squeezing a ball with right & left hands