Download NBio 146

NBio 146
Neurobiology of Disease
Localization:
Neuroanatomy Review
http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/
http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/k
carson.nsf/pages/492_592desc
Planes of Section
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Anatomical Terms
Anterior/Posterior
Superior/Inferior
Lateral/Medial
Dorsal/Ventral
Rostral/Caudal
Anatomical Planes of Section in the Brain
Horizontal, axial/ transverse/coronal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal
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Central Visual Pathways
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Central Visual Pathways
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1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
Bitemporal
hemianopia
Homonymous
hemianopia
quadrantanopia
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5.
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6.
Macular sparing
Motor Pathways
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Internal Capsule
Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers
arise from primary motor cortex.
Corticobulbar axons terminate in the
brainstem.
85% of corticospinal axons decussate
in the lower medulla.
15% form the anterior corticospinal
tract.
Internal capsule has anterior limb,
posterior limb and genu.
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Upper MN
Lower MN
Individual muscles? No, groups
Yes, sometimes
Atrophy?
Spasticity?
Reflexes
Babinski?
Fasiculation?
Minimal
Yes
HyperYes
No
Normal
Marked
No
HypoNo
Yes
Slow
increased
decreased
Nerve
Conduction
Tone
Plantar Response
Scrape object on sole of foot.
Babinski sign indicative of UMN lesion.
Normal in infants up to 1 yr.
General Organization of the Motor Systems
Neurological Differential Diagnosis 2
Computerized Tomography (CT)
As in conventional X-rays, bone and other calcified structures
are dense and appear white in CT scans. Less dense materials
such as air appear black. Clear fluid such as CSF is black or dark gray.
Isodense = intermediate density similar to brain tissue
Hyperdense = increased tissue density = much lighter than brain tissue in CT
Hypodense = decreased tissue density = much darker than brain tissue in CT
Adipose tissue is hypodense bcz fat is less dense than water.
Muscle has similar density to brain tissue.
White matter is slightly darker (less dense) than gray matter due to the lipid
content of myelin.
MRI Function
Comparison of CT and MRI Images
Basic MRI image shows greater anatomical detail
SPECT imaging of increased
blood flow to area of seizure
Bold fMRI map of sensorimotor
and language cortex
Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
shown during speech
Squeezing a ball with right & left hands