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The Human Body in
Health and Disease
Medical Terminology
Chapter 2
Anatomic Reference Systems
►Are
used to describe the location and
functions of body parts. These
reference systems include body planes,
body directions, body cavities, and
structural units.
►Anatomy
the body.
is the study of structures of
►Physiology
is the study of the
functions of these structures.
►In the anatomic position, the
individual is:
►standing up so that the body is erect
►facing forward
►holding the arms to the sides
►turning the hands with the palms
toward the front.
Body Planes - Vertical
►A
vertical plane is an up-and-down
line that is at a right angle to the
horizon.
►The mid-sagittal plane, or midline, is
the vertical plane that divides the body,
from top to bottom, into equal right
and left halves.
►A
sagittal plane is any vertical plane
parallel to the midline that divides the
body into unequal left and right
portions.
►The coronal plane is also known as
the frontal plane. this is any vertical
plane, at right angles to the sagittal
plane, that divides the body into
anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions.
►So,
to sum up “vertical
planes”, there are three:
►midsagittal
►sagittal
►coronal
Body Planes - Horizontal
►A
horizontal plane is a flat, crosswise
line, like the horizon.
►The transverse plane, also known as
the “horizontal plane”, divides the body
into superior (upper) and inferior
(lower) portions.
►It can be at the waist level or any
other level across the body.
Body Directions
►Ventral
= front or belly side.
►Dorsal = back of the body or organ.
►Anterior = situated in the front; or
forward part of the organ. For
example, the stomach is located
anterior to, or in front of, the pancreas.
►posterior
= situated in the back; or
back part of an organ. For example,
the pancreas is located posterior to, or
in back of, the stomach.
►superior = uppermost, above, or
toward the head.
►inferior = lowermost, below, or
toward the feet.
►cephalic
= toward the head. (cephal
= head, -ic = pertaining to).
►caudal = toward the lower part (tail)
of the body. (caud = tail; -al =
pertaining to).
►proximal = situated nearest the
midline or beginning of a body
structure.
►distal – farthest from the midline or
beginning of a body structure.
►medial
= the direction toward or
nearer the midline. Example: medial
surface of knee is the inner side of the
leg.
►lateral – the direction toward or
nearer the side and away from the
midline. Example: the lateral side of
the knee is near the outside of the leg.
Major Body Cavities
►The
“dorsal” cavity protects the
structures of the nervous system.
►It is divided into two parts:
►cranial cavity – located in the skull;
protects the brain.
►spinal cavity – located in the spinal
column; protects the spinal cord.
►“Homeostasis”
means maintaining a
constant, stable internal environment.
►The “ventral” cavity contains many of
the organs that maintain homeostasis.
►It is divided into three parts:
►thoracic cavity – (chest cavity) –
protects the heart and lungs.
►The diaphragm separates the thoracic
and abdominal cavities.
►abdominal
cavity – contains the
major organs of digestion. It is
referred to simply as the “abdomen”.
►pelvic cavity – the space formed by
the pelvic (hip) bones. Contains
primarily the organs of the
reproductive and excretory systems.
►There is no division btw the abdominal
and pelvic cavities. Together they form
the abdominopelvic cavity.
►Let’s
review the body cavities again:
►The
dorsal cavity is divided into:
 cranial cavity
 spinal cavity
►The
ventral cavity is divided into:
 the thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
 the abdominal cavity (abdomen)
 the pelvic cavity
 Together, the abdominal and pelvic
cavities form the abdominopelvic
cavity.
Divisions and Regions
►Turn
to the next blank page in
your journal.
►Draw two “bodies” like the ones
being drawn on the white board.
Divisions of the Abdomen
►Near
the first body, label it as
“divisions of the abdomen”.
►Describing where an organ or a pain is
located is made easier by dividing the
abdomen into four imaginary
quadrants.
►“Quadrant” means divided into four.
►Label
them:
►right upper quadrant or RUQ
►left upper quadrant or LUQ
►right lower quadrant or RLQ
►left lower quadrant or LLQ
Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen
►Another
descriptive system divides the
abdomen and lower portion of the
thorax (chest) into 9 regions.
►Near your second body diagram, add
the label “regions of the thorax and
abdomen”
►The
right and left hypochondriac
regions are located on the top and
sides and are covered by the lower
ribs. The term “hypochondriac” means
below or under the ribs.
►It also means an individual with an
abnormal and excessive concern about
his or her health.
►The
epigastric region is located above
the stomach, and between the
hypochondriac regions.
►“epigastric” means pertaining to the
area above the stomach. “epi =
above, gastr = stomach, -ic =
pertaining to.
►The
right and left lumbar regions
are located on the sides near the
inward curve of the spine.
►The umbilical region surrounds the
“umbilicus” also known as the belly
button or navel. The umbilicus is the
pit in the center of the abdominal wall
marking the point where the umbilical
cord was attached to the fetus.
►The
right and left iliac regions are
located on the sides over the hipbones.
The flat curved hipbone is known as
the “ilium”.
►The hypogastric region is located
below the stomach. Hypo = below;
gastric = pertaining to the stomach.
New Word Roots and Meanings
► aden/o
= gland
► adip/o = fat
► arthr/o = joint
► caud/o = tail
► col/o = colon
► cephal/o = head, or corona
► cyt/o = cell
► hepat/o = liver
► hist/o
= tissue
► hyster/o = uterus
► lapar/o = abdomen
► nephr/o = kidney
► oste/o = bone
► path/o = disease
► retr/o = behind, backward, in back of.
► add: derm/o = skin
► phleb/o = vein
► chondr/o = cartilage
► FLASH CARD REVIEW OF TERMS SO FAR:
►anatomy
►study
of structures of the body
►physiology
►study
of the functions of these
structures
►anatomic
position
►standing up, facing forward,
arms at sides, palms toward
front
►midsagittal
plane
►divides body into equal right
and left halves
►sagittal
plane
►divides the body into unequal
right and left halves
►coronal
plane
►divides the body into front and
back
►transverse
plane
►divides the body into upper and
lower portions.
►ventral
►front
or belly side
►dorsal
►back
of body or organ
►anterior
►in
the front or the forward part
►posterior
►in the back or the back part
►superior
►uppermost,
above, toward head
►inferior
►lowermost,
below, toward feet
►cephalic
►toward
the head
►caudal
►toward
the lower part of the
body (tail)
►proximal
►nearest
the midline of the body
►distal
►farthest
from the midline
►medial
►toward
or nearest the midline;
inside; inner aspect
►lateral
►nearer
the side; away from the
midline; outside surface
►the
four abdominal quadrants:
►RUQ
►LUQ
►RLQ
►LLQ
►the
nine regions of the thorax and
abdomen:
►right and left hypochondriac
►epigastric
►right and left lumbar
►umbilical
►right and left iliac
►hypogastric
►aden/o
►gland
►adenitis:
►inflammation
of a gland
►adenectomy: surgical removal of a
gland
►adenotomy: surgical incision into a
gladn
►adip/o
►fat
►caud/o
►tail;
lower part of body
►caudal:
►pertaining to the tail
►col/o
►colon
►colitis:
►inflammation
of the colon
►colostomy:
►new
opening into the colon
►colectomy:
►surgical removal of the colon
►cephal/o
►head
►cephalalgia:
►headache
►cephalodynia
►headache
►cyt/o
►cell
►cytology:
►study
of cells
►cytologist:
►a specialist who studies cells
►hepat/o
►hepatitis:
►inflammation
of the liver
►hepatology:
►study
of the liver
►hepatopathy:
►disease of the liver
►hist/o
►tissue
►histology:
►study
of tissue
►histologist:
►one who studies tissue
►hyster/o
►uterus
►hysterectomy:
►surgical
removal of the uterus
►hysteritis:
►inflammation of the uterus
►lapar/o
►abdomen
►laparoscopy:
►visual
examination of the abdomen
using a scope.
►laparotomy:
►incision into the abdomen
►nephr/o
►kidney
►nephritis:
►inflammation
of the kidney
►nephrectomy:
►surgical removal of a kidney
►nephropathy:
►disease of a kidney
►oste/o
►bone
►osteomalacia:
►abnormal
softening of bone
►osteoplasty:
►surgical repair of bones
►derm/o
(or dermat/o):
►skin
►dermatitis:
►inflammation
of the skin
►dermatology:
►study
of the skin
►phleb/o:
►vein
►phlebitis:
►inflammation
of a vein
►phlebectomy:
►surgical
removal of a vein
►chondr/o
►cartilage
►chondritis:
►inflammation
of cartilage
►chondralgia:
►pain
in cartilage
The Peritoneum
►The
peritoneum is the membrane
that protects and supports the organs
in the abdominal cavity. Thin, clear.
►The parietal peritoneum is the outer
layer of this membrane.
►The visceral peritoneum is the inner
layer of this membrane.
►The
mesentery is a layer of the
peritoneum that suspends parts of the
intestine within the abdominal cavity.
►The term retroperitoneal means
behind the peritoneum.
►Peritonitis is inflammation of the
peritoneum.
►Ascites is an abnormal accumulation
of clear or milky fluid in the peritoneal
cavity.
►Lapar/o
means abdomen;
►-scopy means visual examination.
►So, the term for a visual
examination of the inside of the
abdomen is laparoscopy using a
laparoscope.
Cytology
►This
is the study of cells.
►cell membrane – surrounds and
protects the cell.
►cytoplasm – the material within the
cell that is not part of the nucleus.
►nucleus – the structure that controls
the activities of the cell and helps the
cell divide.
►The
nucleus of each cell contains 46
chromosomes, in 23 pairs.
►Sex cells (sperm and ovum) are also
known as “gametes”, and are the only
cells that do not have 46
chromosomes.
►Chromosomes are organized into two
long, coiled molecules of DNA.
►Genes
are the functional units of
heredity. Each gene is a segment of
DNA on a chromosome.
►Each chromosome has about 100,000
genes.
Terms Related to Genetics
►Genetics
is the study of how genes
are transferred from parents to their
children and the role they play in
disease and health.
►Geneticist – is a specialist in genetics.
►Genetic engineering is research to
identify defective genes and study how
to treat or replace them.
► Genetic
mutation – changes that occur
with genes.
► Genetic disorders – also known as
hereditary disorders, are diseases or
conditions caused by a defective gene. See
pg 26 in book.
► A congenital disorder is an abnormal
condition that exists at the time of birth;
may be caused be a developmental disorder
before birth, injuries during birth, premature
birth, or pre-natal injuries.
Tissue
►Hist
means tissue, and –ology
means study of, so histology is
the study of tissues.
Four Types of Tissue
►Epithelial
– includes the epithelium
and endothelium.
►Connective – supports and connects
organs. Includes adipose tissue (fat),
loose connective tissue, and liquid
connective tissue (blood and lymph).
►Muscle
tissue – with the ability to
contract and relax.
►Nerve tissue – reacts to stimuli;
conducts impulses.
Organs and Body Systems
►An
organ is an independent part of the
body that performs a special function.
►Tissues and organs are organized into
systems.
►So….tissues → organs → systems.
►Vocabulary:
►The
study of disease is called:
►pathology
►The study of the causes of disease
is called:
►etiology
Disease Transmission
►A
communicable disease, also known
as a contagious disease, is any disease
transmitted from one person to
another.
►Contaminated means the possible
presence of an infectious agent.
►Bloodborne
transmission is through
contact with blood or body fluids that
are contaminated with blood, or
through sexual contact. Example:
AIDS, hepatitis.
►Sexually transmitted diseases and
venereal diseases require person-toperson contact, or contact with lesions.
►Airborne
transmission occurs through
respiratory droplets such as contact
with material from a cough or sneeze.
TB, flu, colds, measles.
►Foodborne or waterborne
transmission, also known as fecal/oral
transmission, is caused by eating or
drinking food or water that is
contaminated.
►An
epidemiologist specializes in the
study of outbreaks of diseases.
►Endemic – presence of a disease
within a population, group, or area.
Example: the common cold.
►Epidemic – sudden widespread
outbreak of disease within a population
►Pandemic – outbreak of disease over
a large area; worldwide. Ex: AIDS.