Download powerpoint lecture

Anatomy & Physiology I
Lecture 6
Chapter 7: The Skeleton
The Skeletal System
• Two major parts:
• Axial
– 80 bones of the skull, vertebral columan and
thoracic cage
• Appendicular
– bones of the limbs and their girdles
Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
• Supports the head, neck and tunk
• Protects the brain, spinal cord, and organs of
the thorax
Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.
Skull
Cranium
Facial bones
Clavicle
Thoracic
cage
(ribs and
sternum)
Vertebral
column
Sacrum
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.
Cranium
Bones of
pectoral
girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Upper
limb
Bones
of
pelvic
girdle
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Lower
limb
Tibia
Fibula
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
The Skull
• Formed by two sets of bones – 22 bones total
• Cranium bones
– Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity
– Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles
• Facial bones
– Framework of face
– Sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial
expression
Figure 7.2a The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae.
Bones of cranium
Coronal suture
Squamous suture
Lambdoid
suture
Facial
bones
Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Eight Cranial Bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Occipital bone
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
• Funny POETS
• PEST OF 6 (6 different bones)
Figure 7.4 Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Ethmoid
bone
Inferior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Vomer
Mandible
Mental
foramen
Anterior view
Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Sutural
Mandibular bone
symphysis
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
External
occipital protuberance
Occipitomastoid
External
suture
occipital
Posterior view crest
Mastoid
process of
temporal bone
Occipital
condyle
Inferior
nuchal line
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Squamous
suture
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
process
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
processes
Condylar process
Mandibular notch
Mandible
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the
right side of the skull
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
Parietal Bones and Major Associated
Sutures
• Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones
with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:
– Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal
bone
– Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones
– Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and
occipital bone
– Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal
and temporal bones on each side of skull
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Squamous
suture
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
process
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
processes
Condylar process
Mandibular notch
Mandible
Mental foramen
//
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the
right side of the skull
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
Temporal Bones
• Inferolateral (below and to the side) aspects of
skull and parts of cranial base
• Contains the zygomatic process that meets
the zygomatic bone of the face
Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.
External acoustic
meatus
Squamous
part
Zygomatic
process
Petrous
part
Mastoid process
Styloid process
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandibular
fossa
Tympanic
part
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Squamous
suture
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
process
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
processes
Condylar process
Mandibular notch
Mandible
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the
right side of the skull
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
Sphenoid Bone
• Complex, bat-shaped bone
• Keystone bone
• Articulates with all other cranial bones
Figure 7.9a The sphenoid bone.
Optic
canal
Greater
wing
Hypophyseal
fossa of
sella turcica
Body of sphenoid
Superior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lesser wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Foramen
ovale
Foramen
spinosum
Figure 7.9b The sphenoid bone.
Body of sphenoid
Greater
wing
Lesser
wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Pterygoid
process
Posterior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ethmoid Bone
• Deepest skull bone
• Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal
cavities
• Contributes to medial wall of orbits
Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone.
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
with cribriform
foramina
Left
lateral
mass
Orbital
plate
Ethmoidal
air cells
Perpendicular
plate
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Middle
nasal concha
Fourteen Facial Bones
• 8 bones, 14 toal
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Mandible
Maxillary (maxillae) (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Palatine (2)
Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
• Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh.
Mandible
• Lower jaw
• Largest, strongest bone of face
• Temporomandibular joint
– Only freely movable joint in skull
Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Temporomandibular
joint
Mandibular notch
Mandibular fossa
of temporal bone
Coronoid
process
Mandibular foramen
Condylar
process
Alveolar
process
Mental
foramen
Ramus
of mandible
Mandibular
angle
Body of mandible
Mandible, right lateral view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Maxillary Bones (2)
• Medially fused to form upper jaw and central
portion of facial skeleton
• Keystone bones
– Articulate with all other facial bones except
mandible
Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.
Orbital surface
Zygomatic
process
(cut)
Maxilla, right lateral view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Articulates
withfrontal
bone
Frontal
process
Infraorbital
foramen
Anterior
nasal spine
Alveolar
process
Zygomatic Bones
• Cheekbones
• Inferolateral margins of orbits
Nasal and Lacrimal Bones
• Nasal bones
– Form bridge of nose
• Lacrimal bones
– In medial walls of orbits
Palatine and Vomer Bones
• Palatine bones
– Posterior one-third of
hard palate
– Posterolateral walls of
the nasal cavity
– Small part of the orbits
• Vomer
– Plow shaped
– Inferior part of nasal
septum
Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Ethmoid
bone
Inferior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
Maxilla
Vomer
Mandible
Mental
foramen
Anterior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandibular
symphysis
Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
palate Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Vomer
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Basilar part of the
occipital bone
Parietal bone
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Squamous
suture
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
process
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
processes
Condylar process
Mandibular notch
Mandible
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the
right side of the skull
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
Orbits
• Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands
• Sites of attachment for eye muscles
• Formed by parts of seven bones
– Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine,
lacrimal, and ethmoid
Figure 7.12a Bones that form the orbits.
Photograph, right orbit
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.12b Bones that form the orbits.
Roof of orbit
• Lesser wing of
sphenoid bone
• Orbital plate of
frontal bone
Supraorbital notch
Lateral wall of orbit
• Zygomatic process
of frontal bone
• Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
• Orbital surface of
zygomatic bone
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Superior
orbital fissure
Optic canal
Medial wall
• Sphenoid body
• Orbital plate
of ethmoid bone
• Frontal process
of maxilla
• Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Floor of orbit
• Orbital process of
palatine bone
• Orbital surface of
maxillary bone
• Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital
foramen
Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Paranasal Sinuses
•
•
•
•
Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces
Lighten skull
Enhance resonance of voice
Openings connect sinuses to the nasal cavity
– Warm and humidify air
• Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and
maxillary bones
Figure 7.14a Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal air cells
(sinus)
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Anterior aspect
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.14b Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Medial aspect
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Hyoid Bone
•
•
•
•
Not bone of skull
Does not articulate directly with another bone
Movable base for tongue
Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing
and speech
Figure 7.15 The hyoid bone, anterior view.
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Need a Summary?
• Refer to Table 7.1
• Markings on the bone are not necessary at
this time
– Sites for nerve, muscle, artery and veins, ligament
attachments and/or entry points
The Vertebral Column
• Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
• Surrounds and protects spinal cord
• Flexible curved structure containing 26
irregular bones (vertebrae) in five major
regions
Five Regions of the Vertebrae
• Cervical vertebrae (7)—vertebrae of neck
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)—vertebrae of thoracic
cage
• Lumbar vertebrae (5)—vertebrae of lower
back
• Sacrum—bone inferior to lumbar vertebrae
• Coccyx—terminus of vertebral column
Vertebrae Curvatures
• Increase resilience and flexibility of spine
• Cervical and lumbar curvatures
– Concave posteriorly
• Thoracic and sacral curvatures
– Convex posteriorly
Figure
7.16 The vertebral column.
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cervical curvature (concave)
7 vertebrae, C1 – C7
T1
Spinous
process
2
3
Transverse
processes
4
5
6
7
8
Thoracic curvature
(convex)
12 vertebrae,
T1 – T12
9
10
11
Intervertebral
discs
Intervertebral
foramen
12
L1
2
3
Lumbar curvature
(concave)
5 vertebrae, L1 – L5
4
5
Sacral curvature
(convex)
5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Right lateral view
General Structure of Vertebrae
• Body or centrum
– Anterior weight-bearing region
• Vertebral arch
– Composed of pedicles and laminae that, along
with centrum, enclose vertebral foramen
• Vertebral foramina
– Make up vertebral canal for spinal cord
Figure 7.19 Typical vertebral structures.
Posterior
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Superior
articular
facet
and
process
Vertebral
arch
• Lamina
• Pedicle
Vertebral
foramen
Body
(centrum)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior
Cervical Vertebrae
• C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae
• C3 to C7 share following features
– Oval body
– Spinous processes are bifid (except C7)
– Large, triangular vertebral foramen
– Transverse foramen in each transverse process
• C7 is called the vertebra prominens
– landmark for counting vertebrae
Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Cervical
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.21a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Dens of axis
Transverse ligament
of atlas
C1 (atlas)
C2 (axis)
C3
Inferior articular process
Bifid spinous process
Transverse processes
C7 (vertebra
prominens)
Cervical vertebrae
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
C1 and C2 vertebrae
• C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features
• Atlas (C1)
– No body or spinous process
– Lateral masses articulate with occipital bones of
skull
– carry the skull
• Movement for "Yes"
Figure 7.20a–b The first and second cervical vertebrae.
C1
Posterior
Posterior
Lateral
masses
Posterior
tubercle
Posterior
arch
Transverse
foramen
Superior
articular
facet
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle
Superior view of atlas (C1)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior tubercle
Posterior
arch
Inferior
articular
facet
Transverse
process
Lateral
masses
Transverse
foramen
Facet for dens
Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle
C1 and C2 vertebrae
• Axis (C2)
– Is "missing" body of atlas (C1)
• Dens is a pivot for rotation of atlas (C1)
• Movement for "No"
Figure 7.20c The first and second cervical vertebrae.
C2
Posterior
Inferior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Dens
Superior view of axis (C2)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spinous process
Lamina
Pedicle
Superior
articular
facet
Body
Thoracic Vertebrae
•
•
•
•
•
T1 to T12
All articulate with ribs
Long, spinous process that points inferiorly
Circular vertebral foramen
Structure allows rotation of this area of spine
– restriction by ribs
Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Thoracic
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.21b Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Transverse
process
Superior articular
process
Transverse costal
facet (for tubercle of rib)
Intervertebral disc
Body
Spinous
process
Inferior costal facet
(for head of rib)
Inferior articular
process
Thoracic vertebrae
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lumbar Vertebrae
•
•
•
•
L1 to L5
Receives most stress
Short, thick pedicles and laminae
Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes point
posteriorly
• Vertebral foramen triangular
• Structure locks vertebrae together to prevent
rotation
Table 7.2 Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.21c Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Superior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Body
Intervertebral
disc
Inferior articular
process
Spinous
process
Lumbar vertebrae
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sacrum and Coccyx
• Sacrum
– 5 fused vertebrae (S1–
S5)
– Forms posterior wall of
pelvis
– Articulates with L5
superiorly, and with
auricular surfaces of hip
bones, forming sacroiliac
joints
• Coccyx
– Tailbone
– 3–5 fused vertebrae
– Articulates superiorly
with sacrum
Figure 7.22a The sacrum and coccyx.
Sacral promontory
Ala
Body of
first sacral
vertebra
Transverse
ridges (sites of
vertebral fusion)
Apex
Anterior
sacral
foramina
Coccyx
Anterior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.22b The sacrum and coccyx.
Sacral
canal
Ala
Body
Facet of
superior
articular
process
Auricular
surface
Median
sacral
crest
Lateral
sacral
crest
Posterior
sacral
foramina
Coccyx
Posterior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sacral
hiatus
Ligaments
• Vertebrae must be held in place by elaborate
system of ligament supports
• Major supporting ligaments:
– Anterior
– Posterior
• Run as continous band down the front and
back of vertebrae from neck to sacrum
Figure 7.18b Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Posterior
longitudinal
ligament
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Body of a
vertebra
Intervertebral
disc
Anterior view of part of the spinal
column, showing the anterior
longitudinal
ligament
© 2013 Pearson Education,
Inc.
Intervertebral Discs
• Cushionlike pad composed of two parts
• Nucleus pulposus
– Inner gelatinous nucleus
– Gives disc its elasticity and compressibility
• Anulus fibrosus
– Outer collar composed of collagen and
fibrocartilage
Figure 7.18c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae.
Vertebral spinous
process (posterior
aspect of vertebra)
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve
root
Transverse
process
Herniated
portion of disc
Anulus
fibrosus of disc
Superior view of a herniated
intervertebral disc
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nucleus
pulposus
of disc
Thoracic Cage
• Composed of
– Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
– Sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
– Ribs laterally
• Functions
– Protects vital organs of thoracic cavity
– Supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
– Provides attachment sites for muscles of neck, back,
chest, and shoulders
Sternum (Breastbone)
• Three fused bones
• Manubrium – Superior portion
– Articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2
• Body (midportion)
– Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7
• Xiphoid process – Inferior end
– Site of muscle attachment
– Not ossified until ~age 40
Figure 7.23a The thoracic cage.
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
True ribs
(1–7)
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Body
Xiphisternal Sternum
joint
Xiphoid
process
False ribs
(8–12)
Intercostal
spaces
L1
Costal cartilage
Floating ribs
Vertebra
Costal margin
(11, 12)
Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Ribs
• True ribs
– two attachment points: vertebrae and sternum
• False ribs
– Either attach indirectly to sternum or lack a sternal
attachment
• Floating ribs
– Have no anterior attachments
– Costal cartilage is embedded in muscles
Rib Structure
• Head (posterior end)
– Articulates on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae
• Neck (constricted portion beyond head)
• Tubercle (lateral to neck)
– Articulates posteriorly with transverse costal facet of
same-numbered thoracic vertebra
• Shaft
– Most of rib
Figure 7.24a Ribs.
Transverse costal facet
(for tubercle of rib)
Angle
of rib
Superior costal facet
(for head of rib)
Body of vertebra
Head of rib
Intervertebral disc
Neck of rib
Tubercle of rib
Shaft Sternum
Crosssection
of rib
Costal groove Costal cartilage
Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.24b Ribs.
Articular facet
on tubercle of rib
Spinous process
Shaft
Ligaments
Neck of rib
Head of rib
Superior costal facet
(for head of rib)
Transverse
costal facet
(for tubercle
of rib)
Body of
thoracic
vertebra
Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a
thoracic vertebra
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of limbs and their girdles
• Pectoral girdle
– Attaches upper limbs to body trunk
• Pelvic girdle
– Attaches lower limbs to body trunk
Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
• Clavicles (collarbone) and scapulae (shoulder
blade)
– Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton
– Provide attachment sites for muscles that move
upper limbs
• Scapulae on dorsal surface of rib cage,
between ribs 2 and 7
Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Acromioclavicular
joint
Clavicle
Scapula
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Articulated
pectoral girdle
Figure 7.25b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Sternal (medial)
end
Posterior
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
Right clavicle, superior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.26a The scapula.
Suprascapular notch
Acromion
Superior border
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Right scapula, anterior aspect
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior
angle
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
Inferior angle
Figure 7.26c The scapula.
Supraspinous fossa
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
Subscapular
fossa
Posterior
Anterior
Acromion
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Coracoid
process
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Glenoid
cavity
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Subscapular
fossa
Inferior angle
Right scapula, lateral aspect
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Upper Arm
• 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper
limb
• Arm
– Humerus
• Forearm
– Radius and ulna
• Hand
– 8 carpal bones in the wrist
– 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
– 14 phalanges in the fingers
Humerus
• Largest, longest bone of upper limb
• Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of
scapula
• Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
Figure 7.27 The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Head of
humerus
Greater
tubercle
Anatomical
neck
Intertubercular
sulcus
Radial groove
Deltoid
tuberosity
Surgical
neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Radial
fossa
Capitulum
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Coronoid
fossa
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Posterior view
Lateral
epicondyle
Radius and Ulna
• Ulna
– Medial bone in forearm
– Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus
• Radius
– Lateral bone in forearm
– Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial
notch of ulna
– Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna
along their entire length
Figure 7.28a–b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Radial
notch of
the ulna
Head
Neck
Radial
tuberosity
Olecranon
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid process
Proximal
radioulnar
joint
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Radius
Ulnar notch
of the radius
Radius
Head of ulna
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ulnar styloid
process
Distal
Radial styloid
radioulnar
process
joint
Anterior view
Radial styloid
process
Posterior view
Figure 7.27c–d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Humerus
Coronoid
fossa
Capitulum
Medial
epicondyle
Head of
radius
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
Anterior view at the elbow region
Humerus
Olecranon
fossa
Olecranon
Medial
epicondyle
Ulna
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lateral
epicondyle
Head
Neck
Radius
Posterior view of extended elbow
The Hand: The Carpus
• Carpus (Wrist) – Eight bones in two rows
• Proximal row—lateral to medial
– Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
• Distal row—lateral to medial
– Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
• She Looks Too Pretty; Try To Catch Her
The Hand: Metacarpals and Phalanges
• Metacarpus (Palm)
– Five metacarpal bones (I to V from thumb to little
finger) form the palm
• Phalanges (Fingers)
– Fingers numbered I to V starting at thumb (pollex)
– Digit I (Pollex) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx
– Digits II to V have 3 bones—distal, middle, and
proximal phalanx
Figure 7.29 Bones of the right hand.
Phalanges
• Distal
• Middle
• Proximal
Carpals
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Pisiform
• Triquetrum
• Lunate
Ulna
III II
V IV
Metacarpals
• Head
• Shaft
• Base
Sesamoid
bones
I
Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
I
II
III IV V
Radius
Anterior view of right hand
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view of right hand
Carpals
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Triquetrum
• Lunate
Ulna
Need a Summary?
• Refer to Table 7.3
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
• Two hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum
• Three fused bones form coxal bone
– Ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong
ligaments
– Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
– Support pelvic organs
• Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint
Figure 7.30 Pelvis.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Lower Limb
• Carries entire weight of erect body
• Subjected to exceptional forces if jump or run
• Three segments of lower limb
– Thigh
– Leg
– Foot
Bones of the Thigh
• Femur
– Largest and strongest bone in the body
– Length ~ ¼ of person's height
– Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and
distally with tibia and patella
• Patella
– Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon
Figure 7.32a–b Bones of the right knee and thigh.
Fovea
capitis
Neck
Head
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric
line
Gluteal
tuberosity
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Linea aspera
Apex
Anterior
Facet for lateral
condyle of femur
Medial and
lateral supracondylar lines
Facet for
medial
condyle
of femur
Popliteal surface
Intercondylar fossa
Surface for
patellar
ligament
Posterior
Patella (kneecap)
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Adductor
tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Patellar
surface
Anterior view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lateral
condyle
Femur (thigh bone)
Posterior view
Bones of the Leg
• Tibia
– Medial leg bone
– Receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot
• Fibula
– Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur
– Several muscles originate from fibula
– Articulates proximally and distally with tibia
• Tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane
Figure 7.33a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
Intercondylar
eminence
Lateral
condyle
Head
Superior
tibiofibular
joint
Medial condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Interosseous
membrane
Anterior
border
Fibula
Tibia
Inferior
tibiofibular
joint
Lateral
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior articular surface
Anterior view
The Foot: Tarsus
• Seven tarsal bones form posterior half of foot
– talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial, intermediate,
lateral cuneiform, and cuboid
• Body weight carried primarily by talus and
calcaneus
• The Circus Needs More Interesting Little
Clowns
The Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
• Metatarsals:
– Five metatarsal bones (I to V from hallux to little toe)
– Enlarged head of metatarsal I forms "ball of the foot"
• Phalanges
– 14 bones of toes
– Digit I (Hallux) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx
– Digits II to V have 3 bones—distal, middle, and
proximal phalanx
Figure 7.34a Bones of the right foot.
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
I
Medial
cuneiform
II
III
IV
Metatarsals
V
Intermediate
cuneiform
Lateral
cuneiform
Navicular
Cuboid
Tarsals
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
Calcaneus
Superior
© 2013 Pearson Education,
Inc.
view
Figure 7.34b Bones of the right foot.
Talus
Intermediate
cuneiform
Navicular
First metatarsal
Medial
malleolar
facet
Sustentaculum tali
(talar shelf)
Calcaneus
Medial
cuneiform
Medial view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calcaneal
tuberosity
Figure 7.34c Bones of the right foot.
Lateral
malleolar facet
Navicular
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Talus
Calcaneus
Lateral view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cuboid
Fifth metatarsal
Arches of the Foot
• Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and
tendons
• Allow foot to bear weight
– distributes ½ weight to heel bones and ½ weight to heads
of metatarsals.
• Three arches
– Lateral longitudinal
– Medial longitudinal
– Transverse
Figure 7.35a Arches of the foot.
Medial longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Lateral aspect of right foot
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Need a Summary?
• Refer to Table 7.5
Lab Exercises
• Exercise 10: Axial Skeleton
– examine cranial and facial bones
– compare vertebrae bones of cervical, thoracic and
lumbar regions
– Identify regions that connect ribs to vertebrae and
cartalage/sternum
• Exercise 11: Appendicular Skeleton
– Examine bones – Can you rebuild these regions?
– Fill out diagram on pg 163