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The Formation of the Solar System The Nebular Hypothesis What makes up the Solar System? • Sun • Planets – Inner – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars – Outer – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune • • • • Moons (satellites) Asteroids Meteoroids Dwarf planets The Nebular Hypothesis • The explanation for the formation of the solar system • The Solar System formed ~ 4.6 billion years ago – Evidence from: • Meteorites (4.5-4.6 billion years old) • Moon rocks (~4.0 billion years old) • Earth Rocks(~3.9 billion years old) – Sedimentary minerals ~ 4.2 by The Nebular Hypothesis • The Solar System formed from a nebula as gas and dust came together to form the sun and planets The Beginning • All stars, including our sun come from nebula • Nebula – Cloud of gas and dust – Remains of old stars that have exploded (supernovas) – Contain all of the natural elements • Egg Eggs in nebula are where stars are born – Concentrated part of the nebula where stars are born The Big Spin • An external force (like a supernova) caused the egg of the nebula to spin counterclockwise • Gravity – Force that pulls two objects towards one another – Pulls the cloud inward creating a flattened disc • The Conservation of Angular Momentum – As the disc begins to flatten it begins to spin faster – Think of a ice skater – she will go faster when she brings her arms closer The Disc • 90% of the material was in the center • 10% of the material was in the disc surrounding it SUN Planets, comets, Asteroids, Moons The Formation of the Sun • Within the center of the disc: – Compression and Friction – Temperature increase – Sun “turns on” • Nuclear fusion began – Hydrogen fusion The Formation of the Planets • Accretion: – Gas and dust particles in the disc condensed forming ice and rock – Ice and rock particles continued to collide and combine into large planetesimals – Planetesimals compressed and collided to form the planets and moons The Formation of the Planets • Solar winds blew excess gas toward the outer part of the solar system • This is what made the – Inner planets rocky – Outer planets gas What makes this a good hypothesis? • All of the planets travel in the same direction (counterclockwise) • The sun and most of the planets rotate in the same direction (counterclockwise) • All of the planets orbit the sun in the same plane • Angular Momentum and Gravity are clearly understood • Nebula are very real and very common – We can see stars in different phases of development when we observe nebular through a telescope. What makes up the solar system? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Planets Sun Asteroids Dwarf planets Meteoriods Moons All of the above 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 How old is the solar system? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4.6 million years 3.8 billion years 65 million years 4.6 billion years 1 trillion years 0% 1 0% 2 0% 0% 3 4 0% 5 What is an “egg”? 1. Small part of a nebula with concentrated dust and gas 2. The entire nebula 3. Part of a solar system 4. Part of a star while it is alive 0% 1 0% 0% 2 3 0% 4 What is Conservation Of Angular Momentum? 1. How stars are formed 2. Nuclear fusion 3. Gravity pulls inward the cloud, allowing it to spin faster 4. A math equation in this class 0% 1 0% 0% 2 3 0% 4 What percentage of the spinning disc created the sun? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 10% 50% 90% 45% 100% 0% 1 0% 2 0% 0% 3 4 0% 5 What formed the sun? 1. Fire 2. Friction and compression 3. Only spinning 4. The Big Bang 0% 1 0% 0% 2 3 0% 4 What is accretion? 1. 2. 3. 4. Debris collecting together and making a larger object due to gravity The solar system spinning Same thing as nuclear fusion A really cool band name \m/ 0% 1 0% 0% 2 3 0% 4