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Java
Programming
Fundamentals
Lesson 1:
Java Runtime
Environment
Objectives






Identify the differences between standalone applications and applets
Describe the role of the Java Virtual
Machine
Create a simple Java program
Use Java comments
Compile and execute a Java program
Describe the differences between *.java
and *.class files
The Java
Virtual Machine





Stand-alone applications
Applets
Classes
Methods
Bytecode
Java
Development Cycle
Text
Editor
javac
*.java
java
*.class
Output
Window
Java Comments



Single-line comment
Multiline comment
Javadoc comment
Summary
 Identify the differences between standalone applications and applets
 Describe the role of the Java Virtual
Machine
 Create a simple Java program
 Use Java comments
 Compile and execute a Java program
 Describe the differences between *.java
and *.class files
Lesson 2:
Data Types,
Variables and Operators
Objectives





Use primitive data types
Declare a variable
Distinguish between local and class
variables
Distinguish between implicit and explicit
casting
Use the operators for primitive types
Data
Types

Primitives
- Integers
- Floating-point numbers
- Character
- Boolean
Declaring Variables
and Variable Scope




Types
- Local
- Instance
- Class
Default variable values
Variable declaration and initialization
Casting
- Implicit
- Explicit
Casting
Rules Chart
byte
short
int
char
long
float
double
Operators




Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
- Short-circuit
Bitwise operators
Automatic
Casting

Java automatically casts
- bytes or shorts  ints
- floats  doubles
Summary
 Use primitive data types
 Declare a variable
 Distinguish between local and class
variables
 Distinguish between implicit and explicit
casting
 Use the operators for primitive types
Lesson 3:
Control
Statements
Objectives



Explain the block structure of Java
Use Java conditional statements
Use Java iterative statements
Code
Blocks



Used to group the contents of a class or a
method
Used to designate all conditional and
iterative statements
Used for exception handling
Conditional
Statements


if statement
switch/case statement
- break statement
Iterative
Statements (Loops)




while loop (entry condition loop)
do while loop (exit condition loop)
for loop
Nested loops (break and continue)
Summary
 Explain the block structure of Java
 Use Java conditional statements
 Use Java iterative statements
Lesson 4:
Methods
Objectives





Create and use static methods
Return a value from a method
Explain pass by value
Describe overloading methods
Identify the method signature
Java
Methods

The executable part of a class
- Member
Return
Statement


Data types
Void
Calling
a Method


Parameters
Literals
Pass by Value

A copy of the value of the variable is
available to the method; changes to the
copy do not affect the original value
Overloading


Method signature
- Name
- Parameter list
Does not include return type
Summary
 Create and use static methods
 Return a value from a method
 Explain pass by value
 Describe overloading methods
 Identify the method signature
Lesson 5:
Arrays
Objectives







Declare and initialize an array
Allocate space for a new array
Describe array indexing
Use the length property
Discuss why arrays are passed by
reference
Discuss Java’s garbage collection
mechanism
Retrieve command line parameters
What Is
an Array?


Collection of same type
Non-primitive data type
Initializing
an Array



Allocation
Reference
Index
Objects


Properties
Methods
Using
an Array

length property
Passing an Array
to a Method
MyIntArray
1
3
5
0
1
2
tmpIntArray
Garbage
Collection


Variable name reuse
Memory leak
Command Line
Parameters

Always String type data
Summary
 Declare and initialize an array
 Allocate space for a new array
 Describe array indexing
 Use the length property
 Discuss why arrays are passed by
reference
 Discuss Java’s garbage collection
mechanism
 Retrieve command line parameters
Lesson 6:
Classes
and Objects
Objectives





Identify the parts of an object
Create and use instance members
Distinguish between instance and class
members
Define abstraction
Create object references
Object-Oriented
Programming

Refers to the creation of a number of
objects that communicate with one
another
What Is
an Object?


Instantiation
The new keyword
Instance and
Class Members




Class members
- The exception in Java
Instance members
- The rule in Java
Accessing instance members
- Dot notation
Accessing class members
Abstraction


What does the object do versus how does
it do it?
Functionality versus implementation
Object
References
tmpEmp variable
rachael
tmpEmp
name: "Rachael"
dept: "Accounting"
salary: 52000
Summary
 Identify the parts of an object
 Create and use instance members
 Distinguish between instance and class
members
 Define abstraction
 Create object references
Lesson 7:
Inheritance
Objectives


Create a new class using inheritance
Create an overridden method
What Is
Inheritance?


Code reuse
Using inheritance
- extends keyword
- subclass
- superclass
- Multiple inheritance
Overriding
Methods


Same signature as the superclass
super.method()
Summary
 Create a new class using inheritance
 Create an overridden method
Lesson 8:
Constructors
Objectives





Use the default constructor
Create a constructor to initialize instance
variables
Call other constructors from both the same
class and the parent class
Create a no-arguments constructor
Discuss String characteristics and define
the common methods of String
What Is a
Constructor?




new keyword
Similarities to methods
- Initialization of object
- Pass parameters
Differences from methods
- Same name as class
- No return type
Callback
Using
Constructors


Default constructor
- No arguments
- Must be explicitly created if there are
any other constructors
Overloading constructors
- Unique parameter types
The
Keyword this



this() as a constructor
Avoiding namespace conflicts
The super keyword
Constructors
and Callbacks

Constructors are a major facilitator in
establishing interobject communication
Strings and
StringBuffer




String constructors
String characteristics
Methods of String
StringBuffer
Summary
 Use the default constructor
 Create a constructor to initialize instance
variables
 Call other constructors from both the same
class and the parent class
 Create a no-arguments constructor
 Discuss String characteristics and define
the common methods of String
Lesson 9:
Interfaces and
Abstract Classes
Objectives




Define and use interfaces
Define polymorphism
Use abstract classes
Create an abstract method
What Is an
Interface?


Contents of an interface
- Abstract methods
- Final variables
Interface functions
- Decoupling objects
- Providing data type
Polymorphism

Using one method name to invoke many
different methods
What Is an
Abstract Class?


Cannot be instantiated
Can be used for a type
Summary
 Define and use interfaces
 Define polymorphism
 Use abstract classes
 Create an abstract method
Lesson 10:
Packages and
Access Modifiers
Objectives






Compile and run a class with packages
Identify the packages in the Java 2 API
Identify the various access levels in Java
Describe how access modifiers can be
used to set the access level of a variable,
method or class
Describe the object-oriented programming
principle of encapsulation
Identify accessor and mutator methods
Packages and
Access Modifiers


Packages
- import statement
Access modifiers
- public
- protected
- package
- private
Java 2 Application
Programming Interface

Organized into packages such as
- java.lang
- java.awt
- java.io
- java.util
- java.net
Encapsulation


Accessor
- Method that reads a variable
Mutator
- Wrapping variables and methods
together
Object
Encapsulation
Data 1
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Summary
 Compile and run a class with packages
 Identify the packages in the Java 2 API
 Identify the various access levels in Java
 Describe how access modifiers can be
used to set the access level of a variable,
method or class
 Describe the object-oriented programming
principle of encapsulation
 Identify accessor and mutator methods
Lesson 11:
Swing
Components
Objectives



Distinguish between the AWT and Swing
Identify the general organization of the
Swing class structure
Define and use Swing widgets and
containers
What Is
the AWT?



Heavyweight components
- Peer components
AWT 1.0
- Container propagation
- Single-method event-handling
AWT 1.1
- New event model
What
Is Swing?




Lightweight components
- No peer components
- All Java
Customizable
Model View Controller (MVC) programming
paradigm
Included in Java 2 (JDK 1.2)
Basic Swing
Components






JComponent
JLabel
JButton
JTextField
JTextArea
JScrollBar






ImageIcon
JScrollPane
JPanel
JFrame
JFileChooser
JApplet
Graphical Widgets

The graphical components with which
users interact
- JButton
- JLabel
- JScrollBar
Swing
Containers

Two types
- Top level (includes JFrame, Window)
- Lower level (includes JPanel,
JScrollPane)
Summary
 Distinguish between the AWT and Swing
 Identify the general organization of the
Swing class structure
 Define and use Swing widgets and
containers
Lesson 12:
Layout Managers
Objectives





Define a layout manager
Set a layout manager for a Container
Effectively use FlowLayout,
GridLayout, BorderLayout and
BoxLayout
Nest containers and layout managers to
form more complex GUI layouts
Separate a complex design into its
component containers and layout
managers
What Is a
Layout Manager?





FlowLayout
GridLayout
BorderLayout
BoxLayout
CardLayout





GridBagLayout
GridLayout
OverlayLayout
ScrollPaneLayout
ViewportLayout
FlowLayout

Centers components on each line in a
flowing manner
GridLayout

Adds components in a gridlike format
BorderLayout
NORTH
W
E
S
T
CENTER
SOUTH
E
A
S
T
BoxLayout

Allows either a horizontal or a vertical
layout of components
Combining
Layouts
Button 1
Button 2
Button 3
Button 4
Summary
 Define a layout manager
 Set a layout manager for a Container
 Effectively use FlowLayout,
GridLayout, BorderLayout and
BoxLayout
 Nest containers and layout managers to
form more complex GUI layouts
 Separate a complex design into its
component containers and layout
managers
Lesson 13:
Graphics
in Java
Objectives




Identify the AWT class structure for
graphics
Gain access to a container’s graphic
context by overriding the
paint(Graphics g) method
Use methods of the Graphics class via
the graphics context
Effectively use the Color and Font
classes
Graphics Class

The graphics context is used to access
the functionality of the Graphics class
(an abstract class)
Graphics
Class Methods







draw3DRect()
drawArc()
drawLine()
drawOval()
drawPolygon()
drawPolyline()
drawRect()







drawRoundRect()
fill3DRect()
fillArc()
fillOval()
fillPolygon()
fillRect()
fillRoundRect()
Other
Classes


Color
setColor()
Font
setFont()
- FontMetrics
Summary
 Identify the AWT class structure for
graphics
 Gain access to a container’s graphic
context by overriding the
paint(Graphics g) method
 Use methods of the Graphics class via
the graphics context
 Effectively use the Color and Font
classes
Lesson 14:
The Event
Delegation Model
Objectives




Describe the event delegation model
Create listener classes that can respond
to events
Register listener classes with their
Component sources
Capture events and deal with them in
meaningful ways
What Is
an Event?



What caused the event?
What was the exact nature of the
event?
Is additional information available
about the event?
JDK 1.0
Event Handling





Tightly coupled with the AWT
Inefficient
General
Unruly
Code and event handling could not be
separated
SDK 1.2
Event Handling






Generating the event object
Sending the event object to the listener
Preparing the listener to receive the
event
Example: Creating a closeable JFrame
JFrame convenience methods for event
handling
Example: Event handling and callbacks
Summary
 Describe the event delegation model
 Create listener classes that can respond
to events
 Register listener classes with their
Component sources
 Capture events and deal with them in
meaningful ways
Lesson 15:
Inner
Classes
Objectives



Define an inner class
Recognize the advantages of inner classes
over package-level classes in relation to
event handling
Design and implement inner classes for
event handling
What Is an
Inner Class?


A class defined within other classes
Introduced with the SDK 1.2
Inner Classes for
Event Handling


Member inner classes
Anonymous inner classes
Summary
 Define an inner class
 Recognize the advantages of inner classes
over package-level classes in relation to
event handling
 Design and implement inner classes for
event handling
Lesson 16:
Java
Applets
Objectives






Compare and contrast Java applets and
applications
Implement the life cycle of an applet
through its inherited methods
Embed an applet into an HTML document
Pass parameters from an HTML document
to its contained applet
Identify applet security restrictions
Convert an applet into an application
JApplet
Class Hierarchy
Object
Component
Container
Panel
Applet
JApplet
Applets and
Web Browsers




Applets do not have a main() method
Applets have a life cycle
Applets are started from HTML pages,
and receive information from HTML
pages
Because they are program code,
applets should not be trusted
Converting an
Application into an Applet





Use init() method to perform
instantiation
Instantiating the applet is unnecessary
Applets must be derived from JApplet
Applet size should be set within the
HTML document (the Web browser
makes it visible)
Applets must be declared public
Converting an Applet
into an Application

By adding an instance of the JApplet to
the JFrame and calling its init() and
start() methods, the conversion from
JApplet to stand-alone JFrame readily
takes place
Summary
 Compare and contrast Java applets and
applications
 Implement the life cycle of an applet
through its inherited methods
 Embed an applet into an HTML document
 Pass parameters from an HTML document
to its contained applet
 Identify applet security restrictions
 Convert an applet into an application
Lesson 17:
Exceptions
Objectives





Differentiate between errors and
exceptions
Differentiate between runtime exceptions
and explicit exceptions
Propagate an exception using the throws
statement
Handle an exception using the try/catch
statement
Create and use a user-defined exception
What Is
an Exception?

Exceptions
- Runtime exceptions (unchecked)
- Other exceptions (checked)
Exception
Class Hierarchy
Object
Throwable
Exception
RuntimeException



Error
Explicit Exceptions






Handling
Exceptions




Ignore the Exception
Handle the Exception with a try/catch
statement
Throw the Exception to the calling
method
Handle the Exception and rethrow it to
the calling method
Creating
User-Defined Exceptions



Creating the exception
Throwing the exception
Exception handling tips
Exception
Handling Tips




Use simple tests instead of try/catch
Choose user-defined exceptions wisely
Use one try/catch block for multiple
exceptions
Do something meaningful with caught
exceptions
Summary
 Differentiate between errors and
exceptions
 Differentiate between runtime exceptions
and explicit exceptions
 Propagate an exception using the throws
statement
 Handle an exception using the try/catch
statement
 Create and use a user-defined exception
Lesson 18:
Creating Threads
and Thread Methods
Objectives




Define threads
Create and instantiate threads using two
different techniques
Control single-thread flow
Define the four thread states and their
relationships to thread methods
What
Are Threads?



Multitasking
Multiprocessing
Multithreading
How Operating Systems
Handle Multitasking


Pre-emptive multitasking
Cooperative multitasking
Types of
Threads in Java


Daemon thread
User thread
- Main thread
- Other user threads
The Main Thread
main thread
user thread
user thread
user thread
user thread
Creating Threads



Subclassing the Thread class
Implementing the Runnable interface
Which technique?
Thread
States
yield( )
suspend()
start( )
New Thread
Runnable
Not Runnable
resume( )
stop( )
stop( )
stop( )
Dead
Summary
 Define threads
 Create and instantiate threads using two
different techniques
 Control single-thread flow
 Define the four thread states and their
relationships to thread methods
Lesson 19:
Thread
Synchronization
Objectives






Define synchronization in relation to
object monitors
Control thread racing using thread
synchronization
Convert non-atomic to atomic processes
to avoid thread racing
Use sophisticated methods for
controlling threads
Stop, suspend and resume threads
Explain thread deadlock
What Is Thread
Synchronization?

Controlling threads in a predictable
manner
Thread
Racing

Two threads trying to access the same data
Synchronized and
the Object Monitor



synchronized keyword
Threads waiting in a queue to obtain an
objects monitor
All synchronized methods of an object
use a single monitor
Thread
Race Condition



Competing for resources
Synchronizing the methods
Atomic processes
Sophisticated
Thread Synchronization

Consumer/producer scenario
Stopping, Suspending
and Resuming Threads



Stopping a thread
Suspending a thread
Resuming a thread
Deadlocks
ObjectA
{
blocked
synchronized methodA()
}
blocked
Thread1
ObjectB
{
synchronized methodB()
}
Thread2
Summary
 Define synchronization in relation to
object monitors
 Control thread racing using thread
synchronization
 Convert non-atomic to atomic processes
to avoid thread racing
 Use sophisticated methods for
controlling threads
 Stop, suspend and resume threads
 Explain thread deadlock
Lesson 20:
Streams and
Serialization
Objectives





Define a stream
Differentiate between byte streams and
character streams
Recognize the abstraction of byte streams
through the InputStream and
OutputStream classes
Recognize the abstraction of character
streams through the Reader and Writer
classes
Create and use file objects
Objectives






(cont’d)
Use System.in and System.out to
perform stream operations
Nest streams using wrapper classes to
enhance basic stream behavior
Perform file I/O
Define object serialization
Use serialization to save an object to a file
Explain the transient keyword
What Is
a Stream?

A path of information from a source to a
destination
InputStream, OutputStream,
Reader and Writer


JDK 1.0 (bytes)
- InputStream
- OutputStream
JDK 1.1 (characters)
- Reader
- Writer
Files


Instantiating a file object
Working with a file object
- Methods of File
- Directories
- FileDialog/FileChooser
Stream
Classes of java.io.*





System.in and System.out
Reading bytes from System.in
Converting a byte stream into a character
stream
Wrapper streams
File I/O
Serialization


The process of object serialization
- Marking an object for serialization
- Writing the object to file
- Reading the serialized object from a file
Transient variables and security
Summary
 Define a stream
 Differentiate between byte streams and
character streams
 Recognize the abstraction of byte streams
through the InputStream and
OutputStream classes
 Recognize the abstraction of character
streams through the Reader and Writer
classes
 Create and use file objects
Summary
(cont’d)
 Use System.in and System.out to
perform stream operations
 Nest streams using wrapper classes to
enhance basic stream behavior
 Perform file I/O
 Define object serialization
 Use serialization to save an object to a file
 Explain the transient keyword
Lesson 21:
Networking
in Java
Objectives





Define networking, IP addresses, the
Domain Name System, and ports
Discuss the socket model and socket-tosocket communication
Explain the client/server model
Write a single-threaded client/server echo
system
Write a multithreaded client/server echo
system
What Is
Networking?


Computers communicating across
distances
Java networking
- TCP/IP
- UDP
Connecting Computers
Across the Internet




IP addresses
- Dotted quad
- 32 bits
- IPv6
DNS
Sockets
Well-known ports
Well-Known Ports
and Their Protocols
Port
Protocol
21
FTP
23
Telnet
25
E-mail
79
Finger
80
HTTP
119
NNTP/Usenet
Networking
Classes of java.net.*

Common networking classes
- InetAddress
- Socket
- ServerSocket
The Java
Client/Server Model


Server
- Delivers information
- ServerSocket object
- accept method returns a socket
Client
- Requests information from the server
- Connects to server with socket
Building the
EchoServer


The client
- Step 1: getConnection
- Step 2: sendMessage
- Step 3: receiveMessage
The server
- Step 1: getConnection
- Step 2: receiveMessage
- Step 3: sendMessage
Multithreading
Your Client/Server Model




Modifications to the server
The Connection class
The Client class
Running the threaded client/server
example
Summary
 Define networking, IP addresses, the
Domain Name System, and ports
 Discuss the socket model and socket-tosocket communication
 Explain the client/server model
 Write a single-threaded client/server
echo system
 Write a multithreaded client/server echo
system
Java Programming
Fundamentals
 Java Runtime Environment
 Data Types, Variables and Operators
 Control Statements
 Methods
 Arrays
 Classes and Objects
 Inheritance
 Constructors
Java Programming
Fundamentals (cont’d)
 Interfaces and Abstract Classes
 Packages and Access Modifiers
 Swing Components
 Layout Managers
 Graphics in Java
 The Event Delegation Model
 Inner Classes
Java Programming
Fundamentals (cont’d)
 Java Applets
 Exceptions
 Creating Threads and Thread Methods
 Thread Synchronization
 Streams and Serialization
 Networking in Java