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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Day 3 of 3 REVOLUTION STAGE 3: THE DIRECTORY 1795-1799 Oligarchy REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE • Anti-Christian – churches/streets renamed – New calendar with 10-day weeks • • • • • No high titles – “citizen” & “citizeness” Mandatory elementary education Abolished slavery in French colonies Attempted to control prices on food Women still excluded from legal rights REIGN OF TERROR • Revolutionary courts throughout France • Guilty until proven innocent • 40,000 people executed in 3 years – 15% = Clergy & Nobility – 85% = Commoners • Execution most often by guillotine • Occasional grapeshot, sinking barges, etc. GUILLOTINE • Method of execution during the Revolution • Faster, more efficient, and more humane than previous methods • Used to execute Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Olympe de Gouges, and thousands more MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE • “The Incorruptible” • CPS gave him power to arrest & execute people without a trial • Nervous that they might be next, the National Convention voted to condemn to the guillotine • Reign of Terror ends NEW CONSTITUTION • National Convention restricts the power of the Committee of Public Safety • Churches allowed to re-open • Constitution of 1795 NEW LEGISLATURE • Estates-General… • National Assembly… • Legislative Assembly… Now… two house legislature • Council of 500 drafted laws • Council of 250 approved or rejected them NEW VOTING RESTRICTIONS • Voters were only those who owned or rented property worth a certain amount • France’s population ≈ 25,000,000 • Eligible voters ≈ 30,000 NEW EXECUTIVE BRANCH • • • • Directory – a committee of five Council of 500 lists names of nominations Council of 250 chooses five from that list Supposed to prevent one person from taking over, as Robespierre had done THE DIRECTORY’S PROBLEMS • Directory stood in the “middle of the road” • Conservatives wanted return to monarchy • Liberals wanted Robespierre-type government, without the killing • Economic problems still plagued the poor • Wars with foreign countries were costly (and they refused to trade with France) THE DIRECTORY’S SOLUTION • Directory relied heavily on the French army to protect them • However, that put a military leader close enough to topple the Directory • 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte seizes control of France in a coup d’etat REVOLUTION STAGE 4: NAPOLEONIC ERA 1799-1815 Dictatorship NAPOLEON & THE REVOLUTION • Some historians argue that the Revolution ended when he took power, because his dictatorship was like an absolute monarchy • Other historians argue that Napoleon was a product of the Revolution and his reforms built on the work that stages 1-3 began BIOGRAPHY OF NAPOLEON • Born on island of Corsica (so not French) • Under Louis XVI, foreigners could enlist, but could only rise to a certain rank • During the first stage of the Revolution, the National Assembly made a policy to promote the best man for the job • During the second & third stages, he was promoted up through the ranks NAPOLEON BONAPARTE On the battlefield, he was famous for… • Speed • Surprise • Decisive action • Energy • Initiative • Intelligence • Self-confidence TIMELINE OF NAPOLEON • 1799 – helped overthrow the Directory & establish the Consulate – Technically, the Consulate was a Republic – Realistically, Napoleon held absolute power, under the title of “First Consul” • 1802 – made “Consul for Life” • 1804 – crowned “Emperor Napoleon I” ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH • Made peace with French Catholics – Napoleon wasn’t personally religious – He wanted French Catholics to be on his side • Made Catholicism France’s official religion – Got the Pope on his side – Pope didn’t demand return of confiscated land – Those had bought this land loved Napoleon RIGHTS OF MEN • Created the Civil Code (Napoleonic Code) – Replaced 300 separate pre-Revolution codes • • • • Legal equality of all citizens Right to choose one’s profession Religious toleration Abolition of serfdom & feudal obligations RIGHTS OF WOMEN • • • • • Women’s rights actually went backwards! Made it harder to get a divorce Disallowed inheritance by daughters Lost all personally property upon marriage Could not testify in court RIGHTS DENIED • No freedom of the press • Government censoring of mail • Censors read all books before publication QUESTIONS? ~ 3 Minute Break ~ GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE • Created a strong, centralized bureaucracy • Promoted leaders based only on ability (bourgeoisie’s pre-Revolutionary demands) SOCIAL STRUCTURE • • • • • • • Created thousands of new nobles 60% military officers 40% government officials 22% pre-Revolution nobility (2nd Estate) 60% pre-Revolution bourgeoisie 18% pre-Revolution peasantry Made people of all classes love him NAPOLEON’S GRAND ARMY • 1802-1803 – Napoleon builds Grand Army • 1805-1807 – Grand Army defeats Austria, Prussia Russian forces • 1807-1812 – Napoleon is Master of Europe NAPOLEON’S GRAND EMPIRE • Core: the French Empire • Dependant states: – Defeated & ruled by Napoleon’s relatives – Spain, Holland, Italy, Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Confederation of the Rhine • Allied States: – Forced to be friends, rather than risk war – Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden NAPOLEON’S GRAND EMPIRE THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM • Napoleon’s unconquered enemy: Britain • Forces all of France’s dependant state & allies to stop trading with Britain • Hopes to destroy Britain’s economy and ability to defend against French invasion • Prices for goods are so high that some allies defy Napoleon & trade with Britain GRAND EMPIRE BACKFIRES • Napoleonic Code and Enlightenment principles spread to all conquered areas • People begin to want freedom from France • Conquered countries witness pride & patriotism of French army • People’s nationalism grows as they dream of patriotic armies for their own countries GRAND EMPIRE COLLAPSES • 1812 – Russia openly refused to remain in Grand Empire or Continental System • Napoleon must stand up to them, or other dependent states & allies will quit, too GRAND ARMY IN RUSSIA • Grand Army of 600,000 invades Russia • Russians refuse to do battle – they retreat, burning everything of use to the French • French will freeze if they can’t reach a city before winter hits – they head for Moscow • Grand Army finds Moscow on fire – Russians had burned it to kill the French • Only 40,000 French troops return alive BURNING OF MOSCOW, 1812 NAPOLEON’S FIRST EXILE • • • • Allied army chases Grand Army remnants Allies capture Paris in 1814 Allies exile Napoleon on island of Elba Louis XVI’s brother takes throne of France – Called Louis XVIII – Louis XVII is skipped, in honor of dead prince LOUIS XVIII • Ruled 1814-1824 • Exiled from France during Revolution & when Napoleon escaped from Elba NAPOLEON’S RETURN • • • • • People loved glory Napoleon brought them King Louis XVIII got no support from them Napoleon escaped from Elba to France King Louis XVIII sent troops to arrest him Napoleon: “If there is a man among you [who] would kill his Emperor, here I am!” • Troops kneeled before him and shouted “Vive l’Empereur! Vive l’Empereur!” THE 100 DAYS • • • • • • King Louis XVIII went into exile again For 100 days Napoleon ruled France again Napoleon raised an Grand Army again The Allies got ready for war again They met at Waterloo (in Belgium) in 1815 Napoleon was defeated by the British & Prussians, under the Duke of Wellington • Napoleon exiled to island of St. Helena NAPOLOEN’S SECOND EXILE First exile: Elba island 12 miles from Italy Next time take no chances! Second exile: St. Helena island 1200 mi from Africa QUESTIONS? ~ The End ~