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TEST SEVEN NOTES World History Standard 10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia. http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=kKeB82retLs&feature=relate d MON 11/04 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the conquistadors affect the Americas? THE SPANISH EMPIRE • exception of Brazil, most of Portugal’s colonies were in Africa and Asia. The Spanish, however, turned most of their energies to the Americas. The Spanish realized the lands found by Columbus were not a part of Asia. They did not find the spices they were looking for, but they did find fertile soil, numerous minerals and a good climate. Spanish colonization began in the West Indies in what is today the Dominican Republic. They heard of civilizations rich with gold. They then went on to Puerto Rico, Cuba, and parts of the South American coast. From Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de Leon sailed north in 1513 to Florida. Other explorers went to the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico and learned of the Maya civilization. With 10 ships and 600 men Hernando Cortez invaded Mexico in 1519. He defeated the Aztecs. Horses and guns helped the smaller Spanish forces defeat the empire. Francisco Pizarro led an expedition of 180 men and 27 horses from the Isthmus of Panama to the Inca Empire (present day Peru) and conquered them. Other explorers were less successful in their search for wealth. Hernando De Soto explored west from Florida and discovered the Mississippi River, but no gold. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led an army from Mexico into SW North America in the search for the fabled “Seven Cities of Cibola”. They discovered the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River, but no gold. In time Spain controlled a vast empire in the Americas. The Spanish actually established settlements (not just trading posts) in the Americas. The colonies were ruled by viceroys, who were representatives of the monarch. Spain grew rich from its colonies. This was due mainly to the discovery of silver mines in what is today Bolivia and northern Mexico. Agriculture was another importance. The Spaniards needed cheap labor to work the mines and farms. That led them to the Native Americans in the area. This was a disaster to these people. The Spaniards brought disease with them. Wherever the Spaniards went they passed on germs, especially smallpox which the natives did not have any resistance to. The germs killed millions of Native Americans. More deaths than any wars or famines since. In Mexico the native populations had been around 10 million when the Spanish arrived in 1519. By the 1600’s only 1.5 million were left. The explorers collected plants, foods and animals from all of the places they explored and carried them back to Europe. This global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas has been called the Columbian Exchange. (p. 572) They also brought plants and animals with them from Europe and Africa to use in the Americas. http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=h7MvBf3mFLI http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=HujNLAoixXw 11/06 – EQ: How did Elizabeth I’s “seadogs” affect the European powerstructure? The Spanish government tried to make sure that the wealth in the Americas went to the Spanish only. Foreigners were not allowed in the Spanish colonies. Silver and gold could be carried only on Spanish ships and only to the Spanish port of Seville. So Spanish treasure ships became great prizes. They were attacked by pirates and also by the ships of European nations who envied the Spanish wealth. Late in the 1500’s the Spanish developed a convoy system with warships escorting the treasure vessels on the way to Spain. In the early 1500’s Spain and Portugal did not have much competition for the colonies. England and France were fighting among themselves. The Netherlands was under Spanish control until the 1600’s. Russia was just beginning to emerge from Mongol rule. By the late 1500’s the Spanish empire was at its height and the northern European nations were ready to get some of their own. Because of England’s location it’s people had always been interested in the sea. Shortly after Columbus’s first voyage an Italian captain named John Cabot was financed by the King of England to explore North America. In 1497 and 1498 he explored the coasts for Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New England. His voyages gave the English a claim to North America. England (and the other northern European countries) did not respect the Line of Demarcation. Also known as the Treaty of Tordesillas. In the 2nd half of the 1500’s (during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I) England had a group of good sea captains. Men such as John Hawkins, Francis Drake, and Walter Raleigh. The English called them sea dogs. They were both traders and pirates. Hawkins and Drake stole slaves from the Portuguese and sold them to the Spanish colonies. Drake even sailed through the Strait of Magellan and into the Pacific Ocean. This upset the Spanish because they considered it their private ocean. He attacked Spanish treasure ships and stole their treasures. When he returned to England he became the first English captain to sail around the globe. King Phillip II (of Spain) protested to Queen Elizabeth I about the attacks of the English captains on his treasure ships, but she claimed she was helpless to control them. Secretly she supported them and shared what they stole. She even knighted Drake. This angered King Phillip, plus he wanted to wipe out the protestant heresy in England, so he attacked England in 1588. He sent a fleet of 130 ships which he called the Invincible Armada. The Armada sailed northward toward the English Channel. The English gathered all of their ships to meet the Armada. The English ships were smaller and easier to handle. Their guns also fired faster and had a longer range. They damaged and sank a number of the Spanish fleet. Then a terrible storm came up and aided the English in stopping the Spanish. Only half of the Spanish Armada returned to Spain. The defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the beginning to the decline of the Spanish control on the seas, and England began to establish colonies overseas. In 1600 Queen Elizabeth allowed a group to begin trading in India. http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ydyZ10k8VsA http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=vWPbnWMpMiA&feature=rel ated 11/07 THUR EQ: How did the defeat of the Spanish Armada alter European exploration and the European power structure? The company was called the English East India Company and it set up trading posts in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. The company dealt mainly with the local rulers. They assisted the local rulers as needed. If they needed help defending their area, they provided troops, if a bribe was needed it was provided. The English were so successful in helping these local rulers that they remained in India for 350 years. It was because of their success in India that made them so slow to set up colonies in the North America. The first English explorations of North America in search of a Northwest passage to India – a water route around the Americas to the North and west; because the Spanish dominated the route around the Cape of good Hope. One of the explorers was Henry Hudson. In 1609 the Dutch sent him to explore much of the coast of North America and he discovered a river which now has his name. On a voyage for the English in 1610 he discovered a body of water now called the Hudson Bay. search northwest passage continued the English interested North America establish colonies 1600’s several English east coast of North America. The first permanent settlement was Jamestown, established in Virginia in 1607. http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=XLAgnamnYk0 2nd Plymouth, established in Massachusetts in 1620. established for commercial purposes. people who supported and financed them hoped that the settlers would raise the products that England had to import from Asia make them a profit. For the investors-proved to be a disappointment. Few got their money back, much less made a profit. But the settlers had different reasons for coming to America. greater political or religious freedom better lives for their families. emphasis on self-government set England’s colonies apart from the other European colonies. Most English colonies had some sort of representative assembly, or governing body, and control by the home country was loose. One area- English government did intervene with the colonies was economic. placed taxes on goods the colonists imported from the West Indies and Asia. THE DUTCH • Because the Netherlands was situated on the North Sea the Dutch were a seafaring people. In the 1500’s the Netherlands began to try to get its freedom from Spain. 1602 the Dutch combined several trading companies one powerful organization called the Dutch East India Company. The first Dutch settlement was on the island of Java in 1619. The settlement was called Batavia. They eventually took the Spice Islands from the Portuguese. colony on the southern tip of Africa near the Cape of Good Hope. This allowed them to protect their holdings and gave them a base for their attacks on other ships. established colonies in Japan, and in the West Indies, South America, and North America. They founded New Amsterdam which is today New York city. http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=j0qbzNHmfW0 11/11 Mon ESSENTIAL QUESTION What changes did the French and Indian War bring about? Spain gained control of Portugal in 1580, Portuguese ships and their possessions became fair game for Dutch ships to attack. The Dutch attacked Portuguese ships carrying treasure and goods from Asia to Portugal. THE FRENCH • Jacques Cartier. • He made several voyages between 1534-1541. • He sailed up the St Lawrence River - city of Montreal. gave the French claim to eastern Canada no permanent French settlements were built until the 1600’s. 1608 Samuel de Champlain first permanent French settlement - Quebec. France - settlements in the St Lawrence Valley and Great lakes regions profitable fur trade Fishing off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia late 1600’s King Louis XIV encourage more settlements Robert de La Salle sent to explore sailed the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire inland region of North America for France. named region Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV set up profitable sugarproducing colonies in the West Indies - island of Martinique established a trading post in southeast India. Haiti – Saint Dominique jewel of the Antilles THE RUSSIANS 1500’s Russia warm water ports. East - vast region of central Asia It was this direction that Russia first grew. Cossacks central Asia fur trappers – Sable 1581 Cossacks conquered the remnants of the Mongol Golden Horde. captured the capital city of the Mongols, Sibir, east of the Ural Mountains. That opened up the way to the lands eastward (what is today Siberia). Russian pioneers gradually moved eastward. Blockhouses - much like American frontier forts These posts were first used as centers for trade and defense beginnings of towns and cities 1640’s Russians had reached the Pacific Ocean. Russians expanded across frontier quickly no native groups to stop them cross the Amur River. Chinese 50 years the two groups fought for the area 1689 the Russians and Chinese signed a treaty that fixed a boundary between them and provided for Russian-Chinese trade. Russia traded furs and raw materials with the Chinese for silk and tea. 1700’s English settlers westward across the Appalachian Mountains in contact with the French settlers in New France. In 1754 a conflict known as the French and Indian War began. American phase of the Seven years War. lasted nine years (or 26 if include Austria) and fought in several places in the world both had colonies result - the Treaty of Paris in 1763, gave Britain victory in the western hemisphere http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=zG3yNlm0YxE http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=D727LW8GENQ 11/12/13 What changes did the French and Indian War bring about? *Seven Year’s War OTHER CHANGES • Enlightenment Era (Age of Reason) • Locke – Natural rights – life, liberty, property Montesquieu – Separation of Powers Voltaire – Freedom of thought/expression and religion. Beccaria – abolishment of torture Wollstonecraft – Women’s rights/education Rousseau- Direct Democracy Locke & Rousseau – Social Contract Theory AMERICAN REVOLUTION • England - 13 colonies - North America mid-1600’s The French and Indian War did 4 things. 1) controlled land from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from the Gulf of Mexico almost to the Arctic Ocean 2)ended French power in North America 3)reduced the colonist’s dependence on England - no longer needed protection from the French 4) left the British with a large debt American phase - fought to protect the colonists; so the British felt that the colonists should help pay 1763 the British decided to enforce its trade regulations The Sugar Act (1764) set new taxes on sugar and many other items imported into the North American colonies. passed a law prohibiting the colonists from printing their own money 1765 passed the Stamp Act. placed a tax on wills, mortgagees, contracts, newspapers, pamphlets, calendars, playing cards, and almanacs. taxes led to conflicts Smuggling the British began searching vessels to look for smuggled goods. Smugglers were prosecuted. 1763-1775 - relations colonists / British government worse British insisted laws enforced colonists argued taxes unjust not represented in the British parliament. refuse to buy British manufactured goods caused economic problems British merchants colonists – violence tarred and feathered tax collectors Royal colony - a colony, run by a royal governor and council appointed by the British crown, and with a representative assembly elected by the people. A proprietary colony is a colony in which one or more private land owners retain rights that are normally the privilege of the state. Buffer colony – established to act as a buffer or separation between two other areas. Penal Colony – a colony established as a prison area separate from the home country. 11/13 Essential Question: What was the purpose of the 13 English colonies? believe be guaranteed freedom independent from Britain no way united in this though group of colonists who were loyal to the King and his government called Loyalists - Georgia wealthiest / powerful members colonies favored independence Patriots Some were wealthy 1774 Britain passed series of laws colonists hated - the Intolerable Acts One - closed the port of Boston to all shipping fall of 1774, delegates - colonies except Georgia Philadelphia in the First Continental Congress. delegates demanded same rights as the people of England pledged to support each other 13 COLONIES • 1. VIRGINIA – 1607 – Jamestown – 32 of 105 survived – Captain John Smith – Chief Powhatan – Pocahontas 2. Massachusetts – 1620 Maine – Popham Colony (also known as the Sagadahoc Colony) Pilgrims – Mayflower Samoset – 1st – Squanto – farming techniques Puritans – 1628 – Salem John Winthrop - Boston 3. New Hampshire – 1623 captain John Mason fishing village started out as a Proprietary colony - Royal colony in 1679 4. New Jersey – 1623 Dutch – New Netherlands 1664 – Duke of York (King’s brother) 5. New York 1624 Dutch – New Netherlands Duke of York 6. Maryland -1633 Lord Baltimore 7. Rhode Island – 1636 Roger Williams/ Anne Hutchenson left Mass religious freedom 8. Connecticut – 1636 Dutch – Hartford 1633 Thomas Hooker 9. Delaware – 1638 Dutch – 1631 Peter Minuet – Swedish log cabin design William Penn short time 10. 1653 North Carolina 1500’s Roanoke Island Virginia colonists – buffer colony 11. South Carolina 1663 1526 San Miguel de Gualdape -Hispaniola named for King Charles II Charles town - Charleston 12. Pennsylvania – 1682 Quakers – William Penn Philadelphia 13. Georgia 1732 buffer colony James Oglethorpe Savannah King George II • 1775-1783 • 43 years Do questions 3, 4 and 5 pages – 750, 755, 761, 767, 778, 784, 790, 795. • http://www.youtube.com/embed/IYQhRCs 9IHM 11/14 Essential Question: What were some results of the American Revolution? 1775 British troops Boston seize guns and gunpowder colonists stored nearby Lexington and Concord British met by armed resistance retreat to Boston May of 1775 Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia decided to declare independence from Great Britain On July 4, 1776, they adopted the Declaration of Independence. written Thomas Jefferson based on the ideas John Locke and Rousseau. This declaration of independence led to a war with Great Britain. It lasted from 1776-1781. In 1781 the American states ratified (accepted) the Articles of Confederation. This was a plan of government that had been adopted at the Second Continental Congress in 1777. It provided for a stronger central government, creating a one-house Congress in which each state just had one vote. Congress was given the power to declare war, make peace, conduct foreign relations, and settle disputes between the states. Under the Articles of Confederation Congress did not have the power to tax It could also not regulate trade with foreign countries or among the states. Eight months later (still 1781) the Americans won a decisive battle in Yorktown, VA over the British General Cornwallis. The British decided to accept many of the terms of peace offered by Benjamin Franklin. The negotiations took two years and in 1783, The Treaty of Paris was signed. The colonists not only won their independence, but they were also granted a large tract of land. The country’s boundaries now stretched from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River and from Florida to the Great Lakes. US Constitution (1787)+ 10 Amendments Bill of Rights 15th Amendment – suffrage on race/ethnicity 1870 th 19 Amendment - women suffrage 1920 Test Seven will be 11/21 THUR