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The Age of Exploration Europe Encounters the World Gold Explorers wanted wealth Gold (and silver) supported the banking system ► Europeans also desired spices ► Other natural resources would come to be sold for profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.) ► This competition will be enhanced by mercantilism ► ► Glory ► ► ► ► The Triumph of Fame, a Flemish tapestry from 1502. Just like the first G, Gold, Glory was a relatively new idea in Europe Came out of the Renaissance ideal of Humanism, and the focus on individual achievement With the rise of the printing press, the idea of gaining fame for one’s actions was more possible Also, individual kings wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition spreads God ► ► ► ► As members of a universalizing religion, Europeans had always seen spreading Christianity as a good thing Especially after the Reformation, competition will spring up Colonization will become a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of Christianity Jesuits (Catholics) are some of the most active How did these explorations begin? ► ► ► ► Prince Henry the Navigator institute for seafaring and exploring Combined ship technology learned from Islam with new European innovations By the time of his death in 1460, Portuguese had sailed as far south as the Gold Coast of West Africa What were the new technologies that enabled explorations? The caravel ► triangular sails (easier to change direction) ► Bilge pump system enabled ship to float higher ► Compass, astrolabe, maps and other technologies from Islamic culture all helped make explorations possible ► What factors were pushing Europeans to explore? ► Decline of Mongol Empire in 1400s made goods from the east harder to get, more expensive ► Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 was a major block to trade Spanish and Portuguese Exploration, 1400-1600 Spain Builds an Empire • Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands • Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas • Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas Spain in Caribbean Encomienda • First areas settled by Spanish, Caribbean islands, Hispaniola, Cuba • Colonist given land and Native Americans to work the land • Columbus hoped to find gold, did not • Required to teach native workers about Christianity • Arrival of women = shift from conquest to settlement Millions Died • Disastrous system for Native Americans • Mistreatment, overwork took toll on population • Europeans spread new diseases The Conquest of Mexico Conquistador • Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to set up colonies • Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs • Cortés a conquistador, military leader who fought against Native Americans Cortes Marches on Capital • Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish arrival in Mexico • Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico; unpopular with those they conquered • Cortés joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs The Conquest of Peru Francisco Pizarro • 10 years after conquest of Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro led expedition to Peru • Had heard of fabulous wealth of Inca Empire; hoped to win wealth for himself • Inca Empire already weakened by smallpox; many killed, including emperor • Civil war had also broken out New Ruler • 1532, new ruler, Atahualpa, agreed to meet with Spanish • Pizarro demanded Atahualpa accept Christianity, hand over empire to Spain • Atahualpa refused • Spanish killed Atahualpa, destroyed Inca army, took over empire Population Decline in New Spain Life in the Spanish Empire Economic Life ► Agrarian (80% of the population) ► Mining ► Haciendas – rural estates ► Sheep - - > textile industry ► Galleons Political Life ► Bureaucracy ► Papal grant ► Ruled by King letrados – judges Council of the Indies ► Viceroyalities 10 audiencieas ► Clergy Silver Production in Spanish America, 1516-1660 Beginnings of Slavery • Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population • Some appalled at treatment • One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas recommended replacing Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves • Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas Slave Ship “Coffin” Position Below Deck African Captives Thrown Overboard The Portuguese in Brazil: The First Plantation Colony • Treaty of Tordesillas – Everything west, including most of then-undiscovered Americas, would belong to Spain – Everything to east would be Portuguese • Heavy Brazilian jungles made mining, farming difficult Portuguese in no hurry to settle • 1530s, colonists slowly moved in, mostly along Atlantic coast • – Established huge farming estates, as in Spanish lands – First used Native American, then African slave, labor to work on farms Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves th 18 ► Spanish Century Reforms trouble: Foreign war Increasing debt Declining population Internal revolts ► Burbon reforms More efficient government Expelled Jesuits French bureaucratic order intorduced Taxation tightened Navy reformed ► Portugal’s Marquis of Pombal, authoritarian Prime Minister Enlightened Despotism Expelled Jesuits Economic reforms in Brazil ► Developed monopoly company ► Abolished slavery in Portugal ► Outcome for Spain and Portugal is rebellions French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe; other European countries paid close attention. Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they needed to establish colonies in the Americas. New France Trade and Colonization • French explorers established colonies in New France, or Canada • Waters of North Atlantic swarming with fish, staple of European diet • Hoped this would be a rich source for gold, silver • Forests yielded valuable furs • Did not find riches, but found other potentially valuable trade goods • French did not send large numbers of colonists; small groups of traders • Did not enslave Native Americans Native American hunters were the French traders’ main source of furs. Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures. Further Explorations South from New France • A few French explorers headed south to seek more lands to claim • 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded city of Quebec • French also explored Mississippi River • Thought it flowed to Pacific, would provide route to Asia Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico • 1682, René-Robert La Salle canoed down entire Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico • Claimed enormous Mississippi region, tributaries for France • Named huge, fertile area Louisiana, after King Louis XIV The Dutch of New Netherland Trade Interests New Amsterdam • Dutch who came to North America interested in trade • 1626, governor bought island of Manhattan from Wappinger • Only large colony, New Netherland, in Hudson River valley • Founded city of New Amsterdam, Slow Growth in Americas • New Netherland did not grow • Dutch focused on developing colonies in other parts of world • Other colonies more profitable later New York City More Valuable Goods • Produced goods that could not be obtained in Europe, Americas • Caribbean sugar, Asian spices more valuable The English Colonies • • • • • 1607, first English colony established at Jamestown Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific Instead found marshy ground, impure water 80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America Colony still endured Pilgrims Native Americans • 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England • English settlers did not share same relationship with Native Americans as French, Dutch • Pilgrims had been persecuted in England for religious beliefs • Established colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts • Persevered despite difficulties • Colony self-sufficient within 5 years • Jamestown, Plymouth colonies received aid from local peoples • Still, colonists viewed Native Americans with distrust, anger British-French Conflict Problems • English ran into conflict with French settlers in Americas • Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle in French territory, upper Ohio River valley; tension in region grew; war broke out, 1754 French and Indian War • Both had Native American allies; English called it French and Indian War • War began badly for British; French had more soldiers than English • British turned tide, took city of Quebec Costly War • Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of Mississippi • War costly for British; king tried to place costs of war on colonists • Led to resentment, which eventually brought about American Revolution