Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Charles X of France wikipedia , lookup
French Revolutionary Wars wikipedia , lookup
War of the Fourth Coalition wikipedia , lookup
Reign of Terror wikipedia , lookup
War of the Sixth Coalition wikipedia , lookup
Germaine de Staël wikipedia , lookup
Demonstration of 20 June 1792 wikipedia , lookup
Storming of the Bastille wikipedia , lookup
Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly wikipedia , lookup
Social 20-1 King First Estate: The Roman Catholic clergy A male dominated estate Exempt from paying taxes Had power to make political decisions Second Estate: The nobility Land owners exempt from paying taxes Had political decision making power Enjoyed privileges not enjoyed by the Third Estate (luxury time) Third Estate: Serfs/peasants, merchants (bourgeoisie), and artisans/workers Could not own land Paid HEAVY taxes Little/no political power Lead by Absolute Monarch Most powerful king: Louis XIV Successors lacked his abilities to govern; however, worked hard to maintain power and class structure. The Clergy administered the church, ran schools, kept birth and death records and cared for the poor. To support church activities a tithe was taken. The Church owned large amounts of property. Made up less than 2% of the population. Many enjoyed great wealth. Often were officers in the army or high officials in the church. Held fast to their traditional privileges and power. Made up 97% of the total population. Divided into different sections the most prominent being the bourgeoisie. Bourgeoisie included prosperous merchants, manufacturers, educated lawyers, doctors, store keepers, etc. Resented the privileges of the nobility Believed the Enlightened ideas of Social Justice & Equality Called for extensive tax reform How many estates in the old regime? Who was part of each estate? Which estates had to pay taxes? Who was part of the bourgeoisie? Louis XVI ascended to the throne during a financial crisis. The Seven Years War and American Revolutionary War were heavy burdens on the nation’s finances. Adding to the crisis harvests were poor during the 1770’s Louis the XVI saw the need to reform; however he lacked the resolve to incite change. Historians accuse Louis the XVI as being unable to stand up to his ministers and the nobility as he tried to change tax laws. Attempts were made to manage the national debt Expenses were cut Unsuccessfully attempted to increase taxes on the nobility Protectionist tariffs put on grain from outside France resulting higher bread costs In 1778 the finical crisis caused the King to call the Estates General Met on May 5, 1789 Is a meeting between the three estates. Each estate elects its own deputies to represent them at the Estates General. The third estate demanded that the three estates meet all together. Previously Estates voted as a group; however, the third estate demanded everyone vote separately! Formation of the National Assembly June 17, 1789 The king refused the request to meet jointly and to vote individually. The Third Estate declare themselves the National Assembly. The National Assembly declares the right to write a constitution for France. The king banishes them from the Hall. June 20, 1789 Is the first step towards revolution in France. King Louis XVI orders the first and second estates to join the National Assembly. The Tennis Court Oath Members of the Third Estate, sympathetic nobles and clergy swear an oath promising not to disband until they had written a constitution! The National Assembly barely begins when a peasant uprising in Paris and the country side occurs. People had hoped that the National Assembly would quickly end their suffering of high taxation and food shortages. It did not and the people were tired of waiting! With all the uprising Louis brings troops to Versailles causing panic in the streets. People feared he was trying to squash the revolution by dissolving the National Assembly. In reaction on July 14th, 1789 they stormed the Bastille. The Bastille represented the injustice and inequality of the Old Regime! It also was a store house for gunpowder and weapons. Storming of the Bastille The Bastille represented the injustice and inequality of the Old Regime Assembly abolished most feudal customs, ended serfdom and the tax emption of the privileged. It also made all male citizens eligible for government and church positions. The National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man! What were some issues causing increased hostility in France leading up to the revolution? What did the third estate do in response to the conditions of the time? What led to the creation of the National Assembly and who was included in it? July and August 1789 After the Storming of the Bastille a wave of rumors passed from community to community. Known as the “GREAT FEAR” The rumor was that robbers were destroying crops and homes all over France and peasants need to protect themselves. When no robbers came the peasants turned on their landlords. October 5-6, 1789 Many of the middle class and the artisans riot in the streets of Paris. The March on Versailles By women who apposed high food prices. They further feared the king and queen Marie Antoinette were plotting against the National Assembly. They demand Louis return to Paris so they can supervise them. The king agrees to prevent violence and the king is brought to Paris wearing the revolutionaries ribbon of red, white and blue! A Constitution is Born! This illustration represents the acceptance of the new Constitution in 1791 and its significance to the previously disenfranchised masses of France. September 13/14, 1791 = Constitutional Monarchy! An illustration of the Royal family being arrested , after which the King was forced to sign and ratify the Constitution. October 1, 1791 creation of the Legislative Assembly Radical Revolutionaries want a republic. Nobles were unhappy with the loss of privilege. Louis XVI became more and more alarmed, and consequently the royal family flees. National Assembly arrests royal family and has the King sign the new Constitution. 1791 the National Assembly becomes the Legislative Assembly! 1792 The Revolutionaries felt war would bring people together under a common cause. Military was ill trained and suffered initial defeats. However, unite under the banner of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity! The French defeat Prussia and Austria! The king hoped it would restore his power. Other kings hope to squash the strength of the revolutionary movement from advancing into their own countries. 1792 Due to war, high prices, and food shortages riots break out. With the support of the soldiers still in Paris, the revolutionaries took over the Paris city government and established the Paris Commune! They would try to compete with the French Government; however, the National convention will begin its time in power. September 1792 The leaders of the N.C. were much more radical than the average Frenchmen. The Convention abolishes the monarchy and wishes the King be executed. The convention finds letters implicating the King in the request for Austria and Prussia to aid his government against the revolutionaries. Federal government that was dominated by lawyers and professionals; most under the age of 45. They distrusted the king September 21,1792 they abolish the monarchy and establish a republic . On January 21, 1793 the National Convention voted to execute the king and the Old Regime is gone. “People I die innocent!” January 21, 1793 Louis XVI is killed. Begnning of 1793 Due to the death of Louis XVI the many other kings of Europe became nervous and joined in the Prussian/Austrian war against the revolutionaries. On the home front the war was causing major economic hardships and food shortages. National Convention takes drastic measures and creates in 1793 the Committee of Public Safety! Lead by Maximilien Robespierre He believed the state must be ruthless against its enemies! Maximilien Robespierre Initially Robespierre was opposed to the death penalty; however, he had an abrupt change of heart and would later become the catalyst for the mass executions. An illustration of Robespierre. “that people suspected of being counterrevolutionaries could be arrested forth ‘their conduct, their relations, their remarks, or their writings’.” Daily trials held. Up to 40,000 men, women and children were condemned to the guillotine. The ruthlessness of the Terror had its effect and revolts subsided. The committee of Public Safety deals with the threat of foreign invasion by raising, drilling and equipping the new French armies for war. Draft law was passed Committee set strict limits on prices, wages, rationed food and outlawed white flour. 1794 The work had paid off and people began to question the need for the constant executions. July 1794 the National Convention ordered Robespierre’s arrest and he is quickly tried and executed. Any guess how? And so ends the REIGN OF TERROR! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. End of the Monarchy French society more democratic Equality existed amongst people Abolishment of all feudal dues and customs such as tithe and slavery Styles in fashion and art changed Established the metric system Called for free public schools for all Was born of an impoverished family that held a noble title in the Republic of Genoa (Corsica) As a young child he showed no particular ability to lead and did not do well in school. He was admitted to a military academy in Paris because of his noble title Foreign interference and slow progress of the Revolution (officers were needed) War brought him rapid promotion 1795 defends the National Convention against an uprising in Paris and gained a Command in Italy for his loyalty -Brilliant Success- won six major battles against the Austrians in 2 weeks and took 15,000 prisoners. (1795-1798 series of victories) Conditions in France were unstable due to the corruptness of the Directory in 1799, Napoleon executes a coup d'etat He becomes 1st Consul 17991802. In 1802 extends his term from 10 yrs to life. Josephine •Napoleon's first wife, Joséphine, Empress of the French, painted by François Gérard, 1801. •Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was twenty-six; she was a thirty-two-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as 'Rose', a name which he disliked. He called her 'Joséphine' instead, and she went by this name henceforth. •Ultimately, Josephine was unable to give Napoleon a male heir and he divorced her. Marie-Louise and son Napoleon II In March 1810, Napoleon married Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria, and a great niece of Marie Antoinette by proxy; thus he had married into a German royal and imperial family. Established a new government by overthrowing the Directory Writes the 4th constitution Balances his dictatorship with ideas from the revolution. 1799 to 1804 – centralizes power into his own hands by being elected First Consul! The French Revolution came to an end in November of 1799 with Napoleon’s coup d'état In 1804 Napoleon declared himself Emperor, and continuing the process that was begun by the revolution he created a strong central government and administrative uniformity in France. To provide a uniform system of law and administration Napoleon created the Civil Code, which is more commonly referred to as the Napoleonic Code. Bonaparte instituted lasting reforms, including centralised administration of the departments, higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France (central bank). He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. Napoleon developed a set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic code. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process. The code accomplished the following: Safeguarded all forms of property Upheld equality before the law Established the right to choose a profession Guaranteed promotion on merit for employees of the state As Napoleon conquered Europe, he spread the Code across the continent. Napoleon’s military conquests resulted in the annexation of several states into the French Empire, including: Belgium Germany to the Rhine The German Costal regions to the western Baltic West-Central Italy, including Rome, Genoa, and Trieste The Empire also included five satellite kingdoms ruled by Napoleon’s relatives: Holland, ruled by his brother Louis Wesphialia, ruled by his brother Jermome Spain, ruled by his brother Joseph Kingdom of Itlay: ruled by his stepson and brother-in-law The remaining European states had little choice to bow to the power of Napoleon and France There was one notable exception… England! England's superior naval power made it unconquerable. To weaken England’s power Napoleon established The Continental System This prevented the kingdoms and states under French control from trading with Britain. Unfortunately for Napoleon this system was largely unsuccessful. All it really accomplished was to build resentment throughout the conquered European states. Napoleon engaged in a series of military battles between 1803 and 1815. He wanted to defeat Britain and make France the most powerful state in Europe. Defeated by the Russian Winter Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow by Adolf Northern (1828-1876) Popular resistance in Spain, Germany and Russia and arose as a rebuttal of sorts to French dominance over the European continent. Feelings of national pride within the conquered nations were a direct result of French domination. As a result a series of military uprisings were staged against French occupation troops, and the citizens of these conquered states were fighting both for their freedom as well as their identity. Met in September 1814 in Vienna Member states and their representatives: Austria – Prince Metternich (chair) Great Britain – Viscount Castlereagh France – Talleyrand Russia – Czar Alexander I Prussia – Fürst von Hardenberg Their task was to redraw the map of Europe and maintain peace and security after Napoleon’s defeat. Reinstate legitimate heads of state and the rights of the aristocracy Establish a French government and French boundaries to ensure France could no longer threaten its neighbors Bourbons were restored to the throne of France with Louis XVIII German states were left as the Confederation of the Rhine Treaty of Paris established borders of France as they had been in 1792 France’s borders were rolled back to prerevolutionary times All art treasures plundered during Napoleonic Wars were to be returned France would pay for occupation forces stationed at borders in the east Buffer states were created along the French border to discourage further invasions Napoleon in Exile Napoleon in exile in 1820, by Horace Vernet.