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French Revolution Ch 23 Warm Up: What would it take for you to take part in an armed revolution against the government? Background • In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced country in Europe • Large population • Prosperous foreign trade • Center of the Enlightenment Appearances Can Be Deceiving • Great unrest – Bad harvests – High prices – High taxes – Questions raised by the Enlightenment The Old Order • Old Regime- political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution • Under the Old Regime people were divided in 3 estates, or social classes The Privileged Estates • Two of the estates had privileges – Access to high offices – Exemption from taxes First Estate • First Estate- made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church – Owned about 10% of the land – Paid 2% of income to government for taxes Second Estate • Second Estate- made up rich nobles – Made up 2% of the population – Owned 20% of the land – Paid almost no taxes Third Estate • Third Estate -97% of the population • Paid about half of their income in taxes • 3 Groups make up the 3rd Estate – Bourgeoisie – middle class- bankers, merchants, artisans – Workers- poorest group – Peasants – 80% of France’s 26 million people Causes of the French Revolution Resentment of the Third Estate • Third Estate resented the nobles for their privileges and special treatment • Resented the heavy taxes they had to pay What specific ideas from the Enlightenment inspired the French Revolution? Enlightenment Ideas • New ideas about power and authority in government were spreading among the Third Estate • Inspired by the success of the American Revolution • Quoting Voltaire and Rousseau, they began demanding equality, liberty, and democracy Economic Troubles • By the 1780s, France’s once prosperous economy was in decline • Heavy tax burden made it nearly impossible to conduct business profitably • Cost of living was rising • Bad weather in the 1780s led to crop failures and a severe shortage of grain • Government was in debt Weak Leader • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette- King and queen of France • Indecisive • Allowed matters to drift • Paid little attention to his advisors Dawn of the Revolution • To raise money for his debt Louis XVI tries to tax the nobles • After he tried to raise taxes the nobles forced Louis XVI to call a meeting of the Estates-General – an assembly of representatives from all three estates • First meeting in 175 years • May 5, 1789 National Assembly • Many members of the Third Estate are eager to make changes in the government • Third Estate representatives decide to create the National Assembly – French congress established by the Third Estate on June 17, 1789 to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people Importance of the National Assembly • Proclaims the end of absolute monarchy and start of representative government • First deliberate act of revolution Tennis Court Oath • After creation of the National Assembly, the Third Estate was locked out of Versailles • They broke down a door to an indoor tennis court and made an oath not to leave until the National Assembly had created a constitution • Tennis Court Oath – agreement made by the National Assembly agreeing not to disband until a constitution was drafted Storming the Bastille • Rumors began to spread around Paris that Louis XVI would use military force to dismiss the National Assembly • People began to gather weapons to defend themselves • July 14, 1789, an angry mob attacked the Bastille, a prison • The angry attackers hacked the prison commander and several guards to death, then paraded around the streets with their heads on pikes Great Fear • Great Fear- wave of senseless panic that swept the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789 • Peasants began to turn on the nobles attacking their homes and stealing food • In October 1789, thousands of Parisian women rioted over the prices of bread • The women marched to Versailles, broke into the palace killing several guards and demanded that the king and queen return to Paris What were the causes of the French Revolution? Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Sec 2 3 Phases of the French Revolution • Moderate Phase- National Assembly and Storming of the Bastille • Radical Phase- Reign of Terror • Conservation- Rule of Napoleon The Assembly Reforms France • August 4, 1789 • Many noblemen and church clergy make speeches declaring their love of liberty and equality- mostly out of fear • Feudal privileges of the First and Second Estates are gone • Old Regime is dead Liberty, Equality, Fraternity • Declaration of the Rights of Man – statement of revolutionary ideals similar to the Declaration of Independence • Rights included liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression” • Liberty, Equality, Fraternity- slogan of the revolution State Controlled Church • National Assembly took over the church lands and declared that church official and priests would be elected and paid as state officials • After this the Assembly lost support from many peasants who thought the church should be ruled only by the pope Louis XVI Tries to Escape • Believing he and his family were in danger Louis XVI tried to escape France in June 1791 • As they neared the border they were captured by someone who recognized the king’s face from his portrait on bank notes Limited Monarchy • September 1791, the Assembly finally finished the new constitution • The new French constitution created a constitutional monarchy-system in which the ruler’s power is limited by law • It also created the Legislative Assemblypolitical body with the power to create laws and approve or reject declarations of war • King retained power to enforce laws Factions Split France • Despite the new government the old problems still remained – food shortages and government debt • Legislative Assembly split into 3 groups – Radicals, Moderates, and Conservatives Other Factions • Other factions outside the government wanted to influence the direction of the government • Emigres – nobles who fled France and wanted to bring back the Old Regime • Sans-culottes- radical group of workers and shop owners who wanted a greater role in the Assembly France at War • Austria and Prussia were pressuring France to restore Louis XVI to absolute monarch • The Assembly responded by declaring war in April 1792 • Prussian leaders threatened to destroy Paris if the King was harmed • The enraged Parisians responded by attacking the palace where the king and his family were staying and slaughtered the royal guards and took the king and his family captive Another New Government • Under pressure from radicals the Legislative Assembly agrees to set aside the constitution • A new body of government, the National Convention, abolishes the monarchy and establishes France as a republic Jacobins • Jacobins- radical political group that was behind the governmental changes of September 1792 • Guided by radical Jacobins the National Convention tried and convicted Louis XVI for treason • January 21, 1793 the former king was executed by guillotine Guillotine • Invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine • Fast, effective and democratic • How did the guillotine embody the ideals of the Enlightenment? The War Continues • France scored a victory against Prussian and Austria but Great Britain, Holland, and Spain then declare war as well • Jacobin leaders order a draft that increases the size of the army to 800,000 Reign of Terror • The Jacobins had many enemies inside of France • Many peasants were horrified with the king’s execution • Priests were not happy with government control • Rival leaders who wanted power • How to control their internal enemies became a major problem Robespierre • Maximilien RobespierreJacobin leader who ruled France as a virtual dictator • Set out to build a republic of virtue by eliminating every trace of the past • Reign of Terror • Reign of Terror – period of rule under Robespierre when thousands of people were executed for being enemies of the revolution • As many as 40,000 people were executed from July 1793 to July 1794 • Many of those who had helped lead the Revolution were executed for not being radical enough End of the Terror • Members of the National Convention began to fear for their own safety and turned on Robespierre • July 28, 1794, Robespierre goes to the guillotine • National Convention then creates a moderate government What was the goal of the Reign of Terror? Napoleon Forges an Empire Sec 3 Napoleon • Napoleon Bonaparte- military genius who seized power and made himself emperor of France • From 1794-1799 he rose from officer in the French army to emperor War Hero • Oct 1795, young Napoleon successfully defended the National Convention from royalist rebels • In 1796, he was appointed to lead a French army against Austria. He won a series of victories in Italy. Coup d’Etat • By 1799, the Directory had lost control of the political situation and the confidence of the French people • In November 1799, troops under Napoleon’s command surrounded the national legislature and drove out most of its members. • The remaining lawmakers voted to dissolve the Directory. Coup d’Etat • The Directory was replaced with a group of three consuls one of which was Napoleon • Napoleon quickly took the title of first consul and assumed the powers of a dictator • Coup d’etat- sudden seizure of power, “blow to the state” Peace in Europe • At the time of the coup France was still at war with Britain, Austria, and Russia • Through war and diplomacy, all 3 nations signed peace agreements with France • By 1802, Europe was at peace for the first time in 10 years • This gave Napoleon time to focus on restoring order in France. Napoleon Rules France • At first Napoleon pretended to be the constitutionally chosen leader of a free republic. • In 1800, a plebiscite- vote of the people, was held to approve a new constitution. • Desperate for strong leadership the people voted overwhelmingly in favor of the constitution that gave all real power to Napoleon as first consul. Restoring Order • Even though he was a dictator he didn’t want to return to days of Louis XVI • Kept many changes of the revolution • Supported laws that strengthened the central government and supported the goals of the revolution Economic Reforms • Set up efficient method of collecting taxes • Established a national banking system • Ensured a steady supply of tax money, promoted sound financial management and better control of the economy Political Reforms • Dismissed corrupt officials • Set up lycees, government run schools • Graduates were appointed to public office based on merit as opposed to family connections Social Reforms • Restored the position of the church • Signed a concordant, agreement, with Pope Pius VII that recognized the influence of the church but rejected church control in national affairs Napoleonic Code • Napoleonic Code- comprehensive system of laws • Forbid privileges based on birth • Freedom of religion • Stressed clearly written and accessible laws • Strong influence on law around the world Napoleon as Emperor • 1804, Napoleon decided to make himself emperor • December 2, Napoleon took his crown from the pope and crowned himself emperor of France Empire • Napoleon’s goal was to control all of Europe and to reassert French power in the Americas Loss of American Territories • After the revolution, the French colony in Haiti demanded the same privileges as French citizens • Slaves in Haiti also wanted their freedom and a civil war erupted in Haiti • The enslaved Africans were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture • Napoleon tried to take the colony back but the French troops were devastated by disease and the rebels proved to be fierce fighters Louisiana Purchase • Napoleon decided to cut his losses in the Americas and sell Louisiana to the US for $15 million • Why would Napoleon sell such a huge piece of land for so little money? Benefits of Louisiana Sale • Gained money to finance operations in Europe • Punish the British – Assures power of the US – Gives England another rival Conquering Europe • Annexed the Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy • Set up a puppet government in Switzerland • Britain persuades Russia, Austria, and Sweden to join them against France Austerlitz • • • • • • • Austerlitz- Napoleon’s greatest victory 1805 75000 French troops 73000 Russian and Austrian troops 27000 Russo-Austrian Casualties Austria surrenders Russia retreats home Battle of Trafalgar • Battle of Trafalgar- naval battle between France and England resulting in the loss of the French fleet • Major loss for France • Ensured English naval supremacy for the next 100 years • Forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading England French Empire • Napoleon’s victories in Europe gave him control of everything except Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire • Many countries that appeared to be independent were controlled by puppet governments • The Empire was huge but unstable • Maintained at its greatest extent from 1807-1812 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Sec 4 Napoleon’s Mistakes Continental System • Continental System- blockade intended to prevent all trade between England and Europe • Not tight enough, smugglers were successful • Napoleon’s allies disregarded the blockade, including his brother Louis, king of Holland • Britain declared their own blockade that was much more successful Peninsular War • Peninsular War- war during the Napoleonic era between Portugal, Spain, and England and France on the Iberian Peninsula • In order to get to Portugal, Napoleon sent troops through Spain • When the Spanish protested Napoleon removed the king and put his brother Joseph on the throne • For the next 6 years Spanish guerillas attacked French forces • Britain sent troops to help the Spanish • France lost about 300,000 troops in the Peninsular War Invasion of Russia • Invasion of Russia • June 1812 • The alliance broke down between Russia and France • Napoleon marched his Grand Army of 420,000 troops into Russia • Russian Tsar Alexander I refused to be drawn into an unequal battle so he pulled back his troops Scorched-Earth Policy • Scorched-earth policy- military practice where a retreating army burns grain fields and kills livestock so as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat • September 7, 1812, Napoleon forces score a victory at the Battle of Borodino but take heavy casualties Moscow • Napoleon reaches Moscow on September 14, 1812, the city is in flames • Alexander I had burned the city instead of letting it fall to the French • October 18, Napoleon retreats the remaining 100,000 starving troops • By December only 10,000 of Napoleon’s 420,000 troops remain Napoleon’s Downfall • Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria all come after Napoleon • French resistance crumbles quickly • March of 1814, Prussian and Russian troops parade through Paris • Napoleon wanted to fight on but his generals refused • April 1814, Napoleon accepts terms of surrender and gives up his throne • He is exiled to Elba Hundred Days • Hundred Days- brief time in 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power • With Napoleon in exile Louis XVI’s brother assumed the throne but quickly became unpopular with his subjects • Napoleon escapes from exile and lands in France on March 1, 1815 • As he marches to the Paris thousands of people welcome him and volunteers join his army • A few days later he was emperor again Waterloo • Waterloo- battle that put an end to Napoleon’s rule as emperor of France • France-72,000 troops • Britain and Prussia 118,000 • France – 25000 casualties 7000 captured 15000 missing • Britain and Prussia-22000 casualties • Napoleon exiled again Napoleon’s Legacy • Military genius, brilliant administrator • Made France a world power after the revolution • Reformed the government and economy • Achievements overshadowed by the millions of lives lost in his wars Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna • Congress of Vienna- series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon • Most decisions were made in secret by the 5 great powers-Russia, Prussia, Austria, France, Great Britain Metternich’s Plan for Europe • Klemons von Metternich- foreign minister of Austria • 3 Goals – Prevent French aggression – Restore a balance of power- if all countries are equal they will not be a threat to each other – Restore the royal families to their thrones Containment of France • Make the countries around France stronger • Combine 39 German states into German Confederation • Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic united to become Kingdom of the Netherlands Balance of Power • Wanted to weaken France but not to leave it powerless • France remained a major but diminished power Legitimacy • Congress of Vienna affirmed the principals of legitimacy-hereditary right of a monarch to rule • Ruling families in France, Spain, and several states in Italy and Central Europe regained their thrones Short Term Effects of the Congress of Vienna • One of the most successful peace meetings in history • Kings and Queens regain their power • Balance of Power is achieved • Europe remains peaceful for nearly 40 years Long Term Effects of French Revolution and Napoleon • Diminished size and power of France • Nationalism spread to Italy, Germany, Greece, and Latin American colonies • Change social attitudes that had dominated Europe – Equality • Change in political thought – More and more people saw democracy as the best way to ensure equality and justice