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World History
World War I
Differing Viewpoints
 “Family Feud”
 “Fall of the Eagles”
 “The War to End All Wars”
 “The War to ‘Make the
World Safe for Democracy’”
Colonial
Rivalries
:
Africa
in
1914
Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914
The British Empire in 1914
The Balkans in 1878
The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913
Europe in 1914
The Balkans
in 1914
Cause #1: Militarism
• Belief that one’s country needs a strong
and large military
• Includes belief in build-up of navies
– Britain had best navy in the world in 1900
– Germany began building up their navy to
compete with Britain
– Britain responds with even greater production
Cause #2: Alliances
• Europe’s major powers entered into many
alliances with one-another.
• Designed to keep the peace and fulfill
obligations
• In reality: the network of alliances meant
an attack on one nation could bring all of
its allies to its aid
• Small conflicts could escalate quickly
Cause #3: Imperialism
• European countries competed with one another
•
•
•
for colonies around the world
Rivalry between Germany-France & GermanyBritain was the most intense
Germany felt “left-out” – esp. in Africa & Asia
These rivalries help shape future alliances & led
to conflicts before WWI ever started
– French/German Moroccan conflict 1905
– Balkan Wars of 1912-13
Cause #4: Nationalism
• The belief that people with similar ethnic origins,
language, and political ideals had the right to
form their own country
– Some Euro. areas (Germany, Italy, Belgium) had
gained independence; others (esp. the Balkan region)
hadn’t yet
– Austria-Hungary was an empire with many people –
esp. “Slavs” – wanting independence (using
nationalism as primary reason)
– Intensified by Russia’s “Pan-Slavism” policy
– Nationalism also included strong pride in one’s
country (belief it should “outshine” others) – esp.
colonies
Colonial
Rivalries
:
Africa
in
1914
Alliance System – Major players
before the war
• The Triple Alliance (Central Powers):
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria
• The Triple Entente (The Allied Powers):
• Britain
• France
• Russia
The “Spark” that starts the war
• Serbian Nationalist
group called the
“Black Hand” wanted
Serbian unity & less
power for AustriaHungary in Balkan
region
Spark, Con’t: Assassination of
the Archduke
• Archduke Franz
•
Ferdinand (heir to
Austria-Hungary
throne) assassinated
by Gavrilo Princip
while visiting Sarajevo
(in BosniaHerzegovina)
Austria-Hungary
issues ultimatum to
Serbia – then declares
war on Serbia
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Movement Toward War
• June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand is
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
assassinated
July 28 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
July 30 – Russia (Serbia’s ally) mobilizes armed forces
August 1 – Germany (Austria-Hungary’s ally) declares
war on Russia
August 3 – Germany declares war on France (Russia’s
ally); prepares for invasion of Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)
August 4 – Britain, pledging to protect Belgium, declares
war on Germany
August 6 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
August 12 – France and Britain declare war on AustriaHungary
Who’s To Blame?
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
The War Begins
• Speedy war expected (“We’ll be home by
Christmas”)
• War of “glory” expected
• All had belief in victory – “God is on our
side”
German Poster
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Schlieffen Plan:
Germany would attack
fast by going through
neutral Belgium along
the coast and defeat
France quickly, and
then take on Russia in
the East. Germany did
NOT want to fight a
war on two fronts!
The reality of War – The Western
Front
• Hopes of quick war gives way to stalemate
along Western Front – Trench Warfare
– Soldiers fought each other from dug out
trenches
– Would storm each other’s trenches
– Very bloody and each side would gain very
little land
– advanced about one mile per month
Trench Conditions
• Trenches were infested by rats and
disease
• dead bodies littered the ground
• Food was scarce and sleep was almost
impossible due to constant artillery blasts
• “The men slept in mud, washed in mud,
ate mud, and dreamed mud”
Trench Warfare
New Weapons
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Machine Guns
Tanks
Barbed Wire
Poison Gases
Large Artillery
Airplanes
Submarines
• What were the point of these new weapons? What were the effects
of introducing these new weapons?
• It has been said that WWI was the first “industrialized” war. What
does that mean? What are the effects when war is industrialized?
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Brutality of New Warfare
• Unprecedented casualties
• Verdun - 1916
– 315,000 French killed
– 280,000 German casualties
– Less than 160,000 bodies recovered
• The Somme - British gain few thousand yards
– 420,000 casualties
– No significant strategic advantage
The Somme – July, 1916
e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
The Eastern Front
• Much more fluid than
•
the West
Many early losses by
Allied Powers (esp.
Russia – creating a
lack of popularity for
the war and for the
Czar in Russia)
War around the World – Colonies at
War
• Not just a European war – but a global conflict
•
(colonies were expected to help – often with
men & resources)
Japan entered the war on the side of the Allies
(wanted to rid Germany from East Asia – esp.
China & Pacific)  Plus, Japan could gain
colonies
– Conquered many German possessions in Asia
– Japan issues “21 Demands” on China
• Germany fought Britain and France in Africa
• The Allied failure of the Gallipoli Campaign
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
Total War
• WWI was fought by entire societies – not
just armies (includes the military front &
the home front – both equally important)
• The Home Front included each nations’
ability to mobilize its economy & noncombat citizens for the war effort
WWI – The Home Front
• Big “Home Front” Themes –
– “Industrialized” wars required new levels of government
oversight and propaganda, damaging the 19th century
ideal of laissez-faire economics.
– The necessity of using women in European factories
damaged the traditional middle-class ideas of a
patriarchal society with separate spheres for women &
men
– New “Rules of Engagement” with Civilians as targets
• Bombing of cities / destroying passenger ships
• Blockading countries
The Home Front – Changes in the
Economy
• Governments abandoned laissez-faire
approach in favor of tight-controls over
economy (production quotas, price
controls, restrictions on workers) Why?
• Huge demand for workers at home (why?)
Women in WWI
• At home: Women took “male” jobs & took new
•
•
roles (factory work – esp. munitions, often
dangerous)
At war: Women worked mainly as nurses and
clerical workers
Impact of the war for women
– Very liberating for upper-class women / less so for
lower classes
– Women still earned less than men for equal work
– War served as liberating force for women (voting
rights granted in several countries after war)
Financing the War
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
WWI Propaganda / Civil Liberties
• Propaganda included all of the following:
– Promoted national unity
– Censored bad war news
– Vilified the enemy (sub-human savages)
– Restriction of civil liberties (often illegal to
criticize the gov’t)
• Joseph Callaux in France
• Charles Schenck in the U.S.
German atrocities in Belgium
Russian Revolution
• Russia was performing very poorly in the war
(massive casualties vs. Germans on Eastern
Front)
– Armies began to disintegrate
– Food shortages & protests common
– Czar Nicholas II forced to step down in March
1917 (Romanov Dynasty [300 yr. old] ends)
– Revolutionary movement led by “soviets” began
to take shape
• Soviet: Revolutionary councils organized by Socialists
in Russia
Russian Revolution (Con’t)
• Russia broke down into two camps (The
Provisional Government & the Petrograd
Soviet)
• Provisional Government had the power –
and did accomplish a number of reforms
– BUT…the major goals for the masses of people
were to 1.) End the War, and 2.) Land Reform
– The Provisional Gov’t claimed it couldn’t do
either
– The Petrograd soviet felt it COULD do these
Vladimir Lenin
• Radical Marxist who
•
•
believed in quickly ending
the War
Wanted to impose Marxist
socialism in Russia – but
believed in the need for a
disciplined “workers
party” that would bring
about change
Headed new group of
Russian Socialists called
the Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks seize power
• Gained control of the Petrograd soviet
• Won respect of peasants after Provisional Gov’t
•
•
wouldn’t end the war, feed the people, or put
forth land reforms
Bolsheviks promised people “Peace, Land, and
Bread.”
Popular support allowed Lenin & the Bolsheviks
to seize power fully in Nov. 1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• After departing the war – the Bolshevik
rulers negotiated a treaty with Germany ending Russia’s participation in the war
– Germany got possession of a large segment
of Russian territory & ¼ of its population
– Russia was out of the war and free to address
problems at home.
U.S. Enters the War
• America had been officially neutral from 1914•
•
1917
Some believed “an Allied victory made good
financial sense” in America (U.S. banks loaned
lots of $$ to Allies)
America finally enters the war (reasons why)
– Germany resumed Unrestricted Sub Warfare on
merchant ships (sinking of the Lusitania & others)
– Zimmerman Telegram leaked
– U.S.’s official policy: “the world must be made safe
for democracy”
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The end of the War
• Surge by American troops in late 1917 and 1918
•
•
•
was too much for the Germans
Allies push through the Western Front lines in
1918
Germany was exhausted after 4 years of “Total
War” (running low on materials, people tired)
Armistice to end the war signed on Nov. 11,
1918
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Post-War Agreements
• U.S. President Woodrow
Wilson proposed his
Fourteen Points – which
called for:
–
–
–
–
End to secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Freedom of trade
Reduction in the size of
armies/navies
– Fix to the colonialism issue
(give equal interests to
owner of colony & natives)
– Promote “SelfDetermination”
– Form an international
peacemaking organization
(League of Nations)
Post-War Agreements (Con’t)
• Leaders of France,
•
Britain, U.S.
dominated talks at
the Paris Peace
Conference – 1919 to
pass a series of
treaties.
Representatives from
Germany & Russia
were not invited
Treaty of Versailles
– Passed the Treaty of Versailles - which said:
• Germany must accept sole responsibility for war
• Germany must have a “limited” army/navy
• Germany forced to give up overseas empire (all colonies &
possessions)
• Germany must pay war reparation payments of over $30
billion
(Territory, Military, Reparations, and GUILT)
• Germany complained the treaty was overly harsh and
embarrassing
Self Determination
• The ability for people to rule themselves –
•
choose their own government – and not be
ruled by others
Had its limitations / rules
– World said “no” to a united Germany/Austria
– Often difficult to redraw boundaries fairly
– Didn’t always work well (Yugoslavia – land of the
south Slavs – actually made up of Serbs, Croats,
Slovenes)
Turkey with Mustafa Kemal
• Turkish Nationalist leader
•
Mustafa Kemal was upset
that the Ottoman Sultan
was negotiating with the
Allies after the war
Kemal started a
nationalist movement,
defied the Allies, drove
them out, abolished the
old sultanate and formed
the Republic of Turkey
Republic of Turkey
• Kemal rules Turkey as
•
its first president
Put forth a program
of “modernization”
– Economic development
with industrialization
– Move toward secular
government
• Women can vote
• European-derived law
• Western Alphabet
• Western clothing
The Mandate System
• A “mixture” or “transition” between colonialism
•
and self-determination
After the war – the old colonies of the Central
Powers had to be divided up
– America didn’t want a return to “old fashion” colonial
system
– As a compromise – set up the Mandate System –
Allies would administer these areas until they could
“stand on their own”
– French ruled Mandates in former Ottoman territories
of Syria and Lebanon
– British established Mandates in Iraq and Palestine
– Some hated the idea – Allies saw it as an “unpleasant
reality” for places that weren’t ready for self rule yet
Effects of the war – things to
consider
• Europe is now weaker – U.S. takes a new
position as a world power
• Global depression is looming because of
war
• Revolutionary ideas spread to areas
around the world
Effects of WWI on East Asia;
Middle East; South Asia)- Essay
• Main Points:
– Strong desire for self-rule in post WWI climate
– Move toward economic independence
– The Worldwide Economic Depression
Post WWI Effects on East Asia
(China and Japan)
• China:
– Economic / Political breakdown (examples)
– Nationalism on the rise (examples)
• Desire for self-rule / end imperialism & unequal treaties
• Some turn to Marxism (rise of Communist movement - Mao
Zedong)
Japan:
-Winning side of WWI
-Economic / political chaos caused by Depression
-React to econ problems by invading Chinese
Manchuria in 1931
South Asia - India
• Political effects – post WWI:
– Indian National Congress (INC) – formed pre-WWI –
but pushed hard for self-rule after war
– Motivated by Wilson’s message of self-determination
and Lenin’s message of anti-colonialism / revolution
of proletariat, etc.
– Turmoil leads to movement by Mohandas Gandhi
– Shifts INC from elitist body to one of the common
man
Mohandas Gandhi
Fought segregation,
mistreatment of Indians
-Passive non-violence,
tolerance, simple living,
non materialism,
abstention from worldly
pleasures
-Fought for lowest castes
through civil
disobedience and
boycott of British goods