Download French Revolution 1789-1815

French Revolution
1789-1815
Chapter 7
Standard 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas
of philosophers and their effects on the
democratic revolutions.
Standard 10.2.2 List the principles of the
French Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen
Standard 10.2.4 Explain how the ideology
of the French Revolution led France to
develop from constitutional monarchy to
democratic despotism to the Napoleonic
empire.
What is an unjust government?
•
What would lead you to take
part in a violent revolution?
•
Why study the French
Revolution?
• Enlightenment
ideals of
“Liberty,
Equality,
Fraternity”
Why study the French
Revolution?
• Declaration of
Rights of Man
and of the
Citizen
Why study the French
Revolution?
• The Reign of
Terror is a
warning of
democratic
despotism!
Why study the French
Revolution?
• The storming of
the Bastille is a
symbol of the
power of popular
resistance
Why study the French
Revolution?
• Spread the ideas
of Democracy
and Nationalism
Why study the French
Revolution?
• The Spanish
used guerrilla
warfare against
the French
Why study the French
Revolution?
• The Napoleonic
Code influenced
the legal systems
of Europe and
South America
Section 1
The French Revolution
Begins
Causes of French Revolution
The Old Order / Ancien Régime
• Under the Old
Regime,
France was
divided into 3
estates
The Privileged Estates
• 1st Estate- Roman
Catholic Church
• 2nd Estate- Nobles
• They don’t have to
pay taxes
• They get the best
jobs!
rd
3
Estate (97% of the
population)
• Bourgeoisie- middle class Bankers,
merchants, skilled artisans. They are
wealthy and educated yet, still had to pay
taxes!
• City Workers- laborers, servants
• Peasants- poor farmers. They pay taxes to
the nobles, king and the Church.
Forces of Change
I. Enlightenment Ideas
II. Economic Troubles
III. A Weak Leader
I. Enlightenment Ideas
• Success of American Revolution
• Ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire
• Equality, Liberty, Democracy
• (Which Estate do you think would
embrace these ideas?)
II. Economic Troubles
• Taxes, taxes,
taxes……
• Shortage of grain,
the price of bread
doubles!
• Government spends
too much
• Government
borrowed money to
help the American
Revolution.
III. A Weak Leader
• Louis XVI and
• Marie Antoinette
• They spent too much money and
made poor government decisions
• Overspending
• His solution was to
Tax the Nobility !
Estates-General
• An assembly of representatives of
all three estates.
• Each estate gets one vote.
• They met on May 5, 1789 for the
first time in 175 years.
Estates-General
• An assembly of representatives of
all three estates.
• They met on May 5, 1789 for the
first time in 175 years.
• Each estate gets one vote.
The Suggested Voting Pattern:
Voting by Estates
Clergy
1
1
1
1st Estate
Aristocracy
2nd Estate
Commoners
3rd Estate
Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the
three orders be conserved in its entirety.
The Number of Representatives
in the Estates General: Vote by Head!
300
Clergy
1st Estate
Aristocracy
2nd Estate
300
648
Commoners
3rd Estate
Meeting of Estates-General
What was the purpose of this 1st meeting?
Dawn of the Revolution
I. The National Assembly
II. Storming the Bastille
I. National Assembly
• The 3rd estate wanted
all representatives to
each have one vote
• King says “NO”
• Speech by
Emmanuel-Joseph
Sieyes
• “What is the 3rd
Estate?”
• June 17, 1789 they
rename themselves
the National
Assembly
National Assembly, cont.
• Locked out of
meeting room
• On purpose? Or an
accident?
• Tennis Court
Oath: promise to
create a constitution
on June 20, 1789
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789
This symbolizes the beginning of the violent direction
of the Revolution
Great Fear
July-August 1789
Peasants attack homes of
nobles
Nobles
flee
France Emigrès
Sec. I Review [DO NOW]
1. List the 3 estates
2. Why did the King call a meeting of the
3 estates?
3. What was unfair about the voting
process?
4. What was the Tennis Court Oath?
5. What happened on Bastille Day?
6. Why did the women riot?
Section 2
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
Terms and Names
• Legislative
Assembly
• Émigré
• Sans-culotte
• Jacobin
• Guillotine
• Robespierre
• Reign of Terror
The Assembly
Reforms France
I.
II.
Rights of Man
State Controlled
Church
III. Louis Tries to
Escape
I. The Rights of Man
• August 4, 1789 – Abolish titles of nobility;
end feudalism
• 1st and 2nd estate joins 3rd estate
• This joining of forces leads to the
• Declaration of Rights of Man
and of the Citizen.
Declaration of Rights of Man
Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen
• “Men are born and remain free and equal”
• “liberty, property, security, and
resistance to oppression”
• Freedom of speech and religion
• Slogan of the French Revolution is
•
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Does the Declaration apply to
Women?
• Olympe de
Gouges- publishes
Declaration of the
Rights of Woman
and the Female
Citizen
• Her ideas are rejected
• Executed in 1793
October 5, 1789 women riot over the
price of bread and demand that Louis
and Marie return to Paris!!!
Women’s March to Versailles
II. Civil Constitution
• Assembly takes over
of the Clergy
Church property
• Priests now elected
STATE - CONTROLLED
and paid by the
state
• Church land sold to
pay off debt
• These actions
towards the Roman
Catholic Church
offends the peasants
and they refuse to
join the Revolution
III. Louis Tries
to Escape
• June 1791- Louis
and his family tried
to escape to the
Austrian
Netherlands.
• Their catch further
enrages the
revolutionaries
Divisions Develop
I.
II.
A Limited Monarchy
Factions Split France
I.
Limited Monarchy
• September 1791- new Constitution is written.
• France is now a constitutional monarchy!
• Legislative Assembly is created which has
the power to pass laws and declare war. What
branch? ____________
• The king’s job is to enforce the laws
– What branch? _______________
II. Factions Split France
• Radicals (sit on the left)oppose monarchy
• Moderates (sit in center)desire some changes
• Conservatives (sit on the
right)- desire very few
changes
• The terms we use today to
describe where people
stand politically comes
from the French
Legislative Assembly
II. Factions, continued
• Sans-culottes are workers from Paris who
wanted extreme change (radicals)
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
War and Execution
I. France at War
II. Jacobins Take Control
III. War Continues
I. France at War -1792
• France declares war on Austria and Prussia
• A mob kills guards and imprisons the royal
family
• September Massacres- radicals kill priests,
nobles and anyone against revolution
• National Convention (September 21,
1792)- abolishes the monarchy, declares
France a republic, and all adult males can
vote. Sorry, ladies are still left out.
September
Massacres
September
Massacres
British cartoon, 1792, immediate after
September Massacres
II. Jacobins Take Control
• Jean Paul Marat
•
George
Danton
Louis XVI found guilty of treason
and sentenced to the guillotine
January 21, 1793
Louis XVI Executed !
III. War Continues
• Great French victory
at Battle of Valmy
• Britain, Holland, and
Spain join the war
against France
• France needs soldiers
and institutes a
military draft of all
men between 18 and
40 - Levee en
Masse
The Terror Grips France
I. Robespierre Assumes
Control
I. Robespierre
• Committee of Public
Safety (CoPS)- to
protect the Revolution from
enemies
• Reign of Terror (17931794)
• 40,000 people executed
• 85% were low or middle
class
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
End of the Terror
• July 28, 1794 Robespierre
sent to the guillotine
• Another new government
is formed ….
• Directory- led by
moderate upper middle
class. 2 house legislature
• Corrupt
Sec. 2 review
1. What is the slogan of the Revolution?
2. Name the 3 factions of the Legislative
Assembly.
3. The name of the citizens of Paris who wanted
extreme change.
4. Who was the leader of the Committee Public
Safety? And what was the goal of the
committee?
5. The name of the political organization that
abolished the monarchy.
Section 3
Napoleon
Forges an
Empire
Famous Napoleons
Terms and Names
• Napoleon
Bonaparte
• Coup d’etat
• Plebiscite
• lycee
• Concordat
• Napoleonic
Code
• Battle of
Trafalgar
Napoleon Seizes Power
I.
Hero of the Hour
II. Coup d’etat
I. Hero of the Hour
II. Coup d’etat
• November 1799 Napoleon returns from Egypt
• November 9, 1799
• Another new government called the
Consulate
• Named “1st Consul”
• (Can you name all the governments of the French
Revolution so far?)
Napoleon
Rules France
I. Restoring Order at Home
• 1800 a plebiscite was held and a new
constitution was created
• Centralization of government
• New tax laws, national banks, fired corrupt
officials and started lycees
• Agreement with Catholic Church –
concordat of 1801
I. Restoring Order, cont.
• Napoleonic Code
• Uniform set of laws
• Limited liberty and promoted order and
authority over individual rights
• Freedom of speech and press restricted
II. Crowned as Emperor
• December 2, 1804 Napoleon takes the crown from the
Pope and places it on his own head!
Napoleon Creates an Empire
I.
Loss of American Territories
II. Conquering Europe
III. Battle of Trafalgar
IV. French Empire
Napoleonic wars
I. Loss of
American
Territories
• Toussaint
L’Ouverture
leads slave revolt
in Haiti
• Napoleon sends
forces to retake
the island
however French
are defeated.
I. Loss of American Territories,
cont.
• Sold Louisiana Territory to the United
States for $15 million.
II. Conquering Europe
• Britain,
Russia,
Austria,
Sweden join
forces (map
p.232)
• Battle of
Austerlitz
(Austria)
1805
• Only Britain
is left!
III. Battle of Trafalgar
• 1805 naval battle off
the coast of Spain
(p.232)
• Napoleon loses and is
forced to give up his
plans to invade
Britain. He must find
another way to defeat
Britain!
• (Horatio Nelson)
The French Empire
• Free of French
Control
1. Britain
2. Portugal
3. Sweden
4. Ottoman Empire
• Under French Control
or Allied
1. Spain
2. Warsaw (Poland)
3. Germany
4. Russia
5. Prussia
6. Austria
Sec. 3 Review
• Define coup d’etat, plebiscite, concordat, and
lycees
• How was the Napoleonic Code an example of
Enlightenment ideas?
• What freedoms were restricted under Napoleon.
• Who lead the slave revolt in Haiti?
• Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana to the United
States?
• Where did Napoleon suffer his first major
military defeat?
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Ch. 7 Sec. 4
Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes
• The Continental System – blockade
• The Peninsular War- guerrillas
• Invasion of Russia- scorched-earth policy
Video
Napoleon’s
Downfall
I.
Napoleon Suffers defeat
II. The Hundred Days
I. Napoleon Suffers Defeat
• October 1813
Battle at Leipzig
(Germany)
• Allied Army
consists of
Britain, Russia,
Prussia, Sweden
• French are
defeated
I. Defeat, continued
• Frederick William of Prussia and Czar
Alexander I of Russia enter Paris
I. Defeat, continued
• April 1814 the French
surrender and Napoleon is
banished to Elba
II. Hundred Days
• Can you seriously believe that the
French brought back a king after
all these years of Revolution!
Louis XVIII
II. Hundred Days
• Napoleon escapes
Elba and on March 1,
1815 arrives in
France.
• The British and
Prussian armies meet
Napoleon near
Waterloo (Belgium)
under the guidance of
Duke of Wellington
II. Hundred Days
• The British send
Napoleon to the
island of St. Helena
in the middle of the
Atlantic Ocean
• He dies in 1821
Sec. 4 review
1. What was the Continental System?
2. What is guerrilla warfare? Who used it
against Napoleon?
3. How did the Russians defeat Napoleon?
4. What does the “Hundred Days” refer to?
5. Where was Napoleon’s final battle?
Section 5 Congress of Vienna
I. Metternich’s Plan for
Europe
II. Political Changes
I. Metternich’s
Plan
• Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815)
• Led by 5 great powers
• Russia, Prussia, Britain,
France, Austria
• Klemens von
Metternich
I. Metternich’s Plan
• 3 Goals at the Congress of Vienna
• Prevent future French aggression by
surrounding France with strong nationscontainment
• Restore a balance of power
• Restore Europe’s royal families to the
thrones they held before Napoleon’s
conquests – legitimacy
Comparing Peace Plans
• Congress of Vienna
• 1814-1815
• After Napoleonic
Wars
• To bring stability and
a balance of power
back to Europe
• Paris Peace
Conference
• 1919
• After WWI
• To punish Germany
WWII – 20 years later
Peace for 40 years
Political Changes Beyond
Vienna
I. Conservative Europe
II. Revolution in Latin America
III. Long-Term Legacy
I. Conservative Europe
• Holy Alliance- Russia, Austria, Prussia join
together to prevent future revolutions
• Concert of Europe- alliances and future
meetings in order to ensure stability
Legacy of the French Revolution
• Even though conservatives controlled the
government of most European nations,
they could not stop the ideas that emerged
during the Fr. Rev.
• There were many democratic revolutions
in 1830 and 1848 (we will study this in the
next unit)
II. Revolution in Latin America
• Mexico, Brazil,
and other Latin
American
countries
declare their
independence
from Spain and
Brazil (this will
be our next
unit)
III. Long-Term Legacy
• Power of Britain, Prussia
increases
• Nationalism
• Latin America declares
independence
• The French Revolution gave
Europe its first experiment with
Democracy. Although it appeared
to fail in France, it led to future
democratic revolutions around the
world.
Sec. 5 review
1. What were the 3 goals at the Congress of
Vienna?
2. Which countries were at the meeting?
Who was the leader?
3. How did the Congress make sure that
there would continue to be stability in
Europe?
4. What was the legacy of the French
Revolution?
Ch. 7 sec. 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Why was there “great unrest” in France?
Define Old Regime
Define estates
Who belonged to the First Estate?
Who belonged to the Second Estate?
Did the First and Second Estate agree or disagree with Enlightenment ideas. Explain your
decision.
Which 3 groups made up the Third Estate?
What effect did the American Revolution have on the French Revolution?
Why was France’s government in debt?
Give specific examples of how King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette provided weak
leadership.
What is the Estates General?
What was the purpose of the first meeting of the Estates General in 175 years?
Why was the voting system of the Estates General unfair?
Copy questions, answer in complete
What was the purpose of the National Assembly?
sentences, use pen
What happened on June 17, 1789?
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
What happened on July 14, 1789?
What was the Great Fear?
In October of 1789, why did the women of Paris march to the king’s palace at Versailles?
What did the women demand from the king?
Ch. 7 sec. 2
1. Describe what happened on August 4, 1789.
2. List the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Declaration of the Rights of
Man and of the Citizen.
3. What was the slogan of the French Revolution?
4. Who is Olympe de Gouges and why was she executed?
5. How did the reforms of the National Assembly affect the Catholic Church?
6. Why did the National Assembly lose the support of many of the peasants?
7. Why did King Louis XVI attempt to escape from France? Was he
successful?
8. In September of 1791, the National Assembly wrote a new constitution.
Which type of government did this constitution create?
9. What caused the Legislative Assembly to split into 3 groups?
10. Name and describe the 3 groups in the Legislative Assembly.
Copy questions, answer in
11. Who were the emigres?
Complete sentences, use pen
12. Who were the sans-culottes?
13. Why were the countries of Austria and Prussia fearful of the French
Revolution?
14. What was the September Massacres? What caused the massacres?
15. How did the National Convention change the French political system?
Ch. 7 sec. 2 continued
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Who were the Jacobins?
According to the National Convention, what crime did Louis
XVI commit? What was his punishment?
What is a guillotine?
By early 1793, which European countries were at war with
France?
Inside of France, which groups opposed the Jacobins?
What was the Committee of Public Safety and who was its’
leader?
What was the Reign of Terror?
How, when, and why did the Reign of Terror end?
Describe the Directory.
“The king must die so that the country can live.” Explain the
meaning of this quote by Robespierre.
Ch. 7 sec. 3
1. When and where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
2. Why was Napoleon seen as “the savior of the French republic?”
3. What happened in November of 1799?
Copy questions, answer in
4. Define coup d’etat
Complete sentences, use pen
5. What was Napoleon’s first title?
6. Define plebiscite
7. What actions did Napoleon take to improve France’s economy?
8. How did Napoleon end the corruption in government?
9. What are lycees?
10. How did Napoleon establish a new relationship with the Catholic Church?
11. What was the Napoleonic Code?
12. Which freedoms were limited under the Code?
13. Why did Napoleon take the crown from the Pope and place it on his own
head?
California State Standards 10.2.4, 10.2.5
Ch. 7 sec. 3
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
How did the French Revolution affect the slaves of Saint Domingue?
How did the sale of Louisiana to the United States benefit France?
Which countries united with Britain to stop France from conquering Europe?
What were the 2 results of France losing the Battle of Trafalgar?
Which areas of Europe were not controlled by Napoleon?
Overall, did Napoleon strengthen or weaken the French government? Be specific
Which of Napoleon’s actions had the most significant impact on France? Explain
Ch. 7 sec. 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
What is a blockade?
What was the Continental System? What was the purpose of the Continental System?
Why was the Continental System a failure?
Why did the United States declare war on Britain in 1812?
Why did Napoleon choose to attack Portugal?
Why did the Spanish rebel against Napoleon?
Who were the Spanish guerillas?
Why did the French lose the Peninsular War?
What is nationalism?
Copy questions, answer in
Give two reasons why Napoleon chose to attack Russia.
Complete sentences, use pen
Define scorched earth policy
What did Napoleon’s Grand Army find when they arrived in Moscow?
Why was it a mistake for Napoleon’s troops to stay in Moscow until October?
After Napoleon’s defeat in Russia, which countries joined forces to attack France?
Where and why did the French suffer defeat in October of 1813?
What happened in April of 1814?
California State Standard 10.2.4
Ch. 7 sec. 4
17. Who came to the throne after Napoleon?
18. Why do you think the citizens of France welcomed Napoleon’s return on March 1,
1815?
19. How did Europe respond to the return of Napoleon?
20. Where did Napoleon suffer his final military defeat?
21. What happened to Napoleon after his Hundred Days rule?
Answer the following questions in a paragraph. Please have an introductory sentence,
at least 3 body sentences, and a conclusion.
A. What caused the French Revolution? Explain at least 3 causes.
B. How was the Reign or Terror an example of democratic despotism?
C. Was Napoleon’s rule a success or failure? Explain your decision.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ch. 7 sec. 5
What was the Congress of Vienna?
Who were the 5 great powers?
Who was the most influential of the representatives?
What were Metternich’s 3 goals?
How did the Congress of Vienna make the weak countries around France
stronger?
6. How come the Congress of Vienna did not want to completely weaken
France?
Copy questions, answer in complete
sentences, use pen
7. What is the principle of legitimacy?
8. Give examples of how the Congress of Vienna was more successful than
other peace meetings in history.
9. After the Congress of Vienna, which countries were constitutional
monarchies? Which countries were absolute monarchies?
10. What was the Holy Alliance?
11. What was the Concert of Europe?
12. In the long term, was the French revolution a success or a failure? Explain.
13. How did the French Revolution affect Latin America?
14. What was the long term legacy of the French Revolution? Give 2 examples.
15. This section ends with the sentence “a new era had begun.” Explain what this
means.