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Global History Regents Review The Basics •distinctive way they live called their CULTURE •Civilizations tend to believe their own is superior, called ETHNOCENTRISM • Any civilization that has contact with others is changed by that contact, called CULTURAL DIFFUSION • Every civilization has some form of GOVERNMENT to keep order and ECONOMY to determine how resources are used • Every civilization is affected by its surroundings and climate, called GEOGRAPHY, and develops strategies to deal with them Belief Systems • Polytheistic vs. Monotheistic – Mono = Judaism, Christianity, Islam – Poly = Hinduism, Shintoism, Animism • Philosophies – Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism • Moral Codes create rules 1. Judaism • • • • • Monotheistic Practiced around the world Torah = book Ten Commandments = moral code Basic beliefs = the messiah has not come yet • Major figures = Abraham (founder) & Moses 2. Christianity • • • • • • Monotheistic Practiced around the world Book = Bible Ten Commandments = moral code Basic beliefs = Jesus was the Messiah Major figures = Jesus (founder) Abraham & Moses 3. Islam • Monotheistic • Practiced around the world, centered in the Middle East • Book = Qu’ran • Basic rules = Five Pillars (faith, pilgrimage, charity, fasting, prayer • Basic beliefs = Mohammed was the final prophet of Allah • Major figures = Mohammed (founder), recognizes all previous figures as prophets 4. Hinduism • • • • • Polytheistic Practiced in India Book = Upanishads, Vedas Moral code = Darhma Basic beliefs = – All life is sacred – Caste system – Reincarnation – Karma • Major figures = No one founder 5. Animism • • • • Polytheistic Practiced in Africa (traditional) Book = none Basic beliefs = – Gods in nature – Ancestor worship 6. Shintoism • • • • Polytheistic Practiced in Japan (traditional) Book = none Basic beliefs = – Gods in nature – Kami – Ancestor worship • • • • • • 7. Buddhism Philosophy Origin = India Practiced in China, Japan, SE Asia Book = 3 Jewels Moral code = Eightfold Path Basic beliefs = equality – All life is sacred – Reincarnation – Enlightenment – Nirvana • Major figures = Siddhartha Gautama (founder) 8. Confucianism • • • • Philosophy Practiced in China & Japan Book = Analects Basic beliefs = – Social order – Education – Five Basic Relationships • Major figures = Confucius 9. Daoism • Philosophy • Practiced in China & Japan • Basic beliefs = – Equality – “live and let live” • Major figures = Lao-tse (spelled different ways) Human Beginnings •humans first existed in AFRICA in the GREAT RIFT VALLEY •MIGRATED throughout the world • early humans were NOMADIC HUNTER-GATHERERS • NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION = farming and domestication of animals Food surplus Pop. Growth Gov’t Job specialization Settlements/villages/civilizations River Valleys • Develop near water – Provide irrigation and transportation – Rivers provide silt for farming • Common achievements = irrigation, writing systems, theocracies, large architecture 1. Mesopotamia • • • • • Sumer, Babylon Tigris and Euphrates Rivers No natural barriers = invasions Theocracies developed Achievements = Irrigation, Hammurabi’s Code, cuneiform, wheel, plow, sail, ziggurats 2. Egypt • Nile River • Natural barriers = Desert, north-flowing Nile, cataracts • Theocracy = pharaoh is a god • Achievements = Irrigation, hieroglyphics, pyramids, calendar to predict the Nile 3. Indus River Valley • • • • • India Indus River natural barriers = Himalayas, Hindu Kush Unpredictable flooding, monsoons Achievements = Irrigation, planned cities, sewage system, wealthy trade with Meso. 4. China • Huang He River Valley • Very little farmland in China • Natural barriers = Himalayas, Gobi Desert, Pacific Ocean = VERY ISOLATED • Achievements = Irrigation, writing system Classical Age • Ancient Greece and Rome – Basis of modern democracy & law – Basis of Renaissance art Classical Civilizations - Greeks • 5th century BC highpoint • impact of geography: fishing, sea trade, independent citystates lack unity and very little farmland due to mountains • Golden Age of Athens Direct democracy led by Pericles Vs. militarism in Spartan oligarchy •Alexander the Great – conquest of the Middle-East as far as India •Greek Achievements = law & gov’t, geometry, architecture, philosophy, art Rome • Geography – Peninsula = Access to Med. Sea & trade – Mountainous North = little farmland • Impact of geography – Use Med. Sea to communicate/conquer – Build roads for communication/trade • Achievements – Law/representative gov’t, Twelve Tables, Latin, architecture, engineering • Pax Romana = Golden Age –Augustus = major emperor –Dictatorship –Bread and circuses • Decline –Weak/corrupt leaders, empire too big, invasions, high taxes, roads destroyed Golden Ages A time period of political stability, economic prosperity, and Technological and Cultural Achievements! 1. Byzantine Empire • Was the Eastern Roman Empire • Political stability – Justinian’s Code • Economic Prosperity – World-wide trade • Technological/Cultural Achievements – Spread of Christianity and Cyrillic alphabet to Russia – Preserved Greek and Roman culture 2. Han Dynasty • Political stability – Wudi = emperor – Confucianism = Mandate of Heaven, Dynastic Cycle – Civil Service Exams • Economic Prosperity – Trade along the Silk Roads – Monopoly on silk production • Technological/Cultural Achievements –Invention of paper –Silk, jade sculptures • Reasons for Decline –Weak leaders, empire too large, high taxes 3. Tang/Song Dynasties • Political stability – Civil service exams • Economic Prosperity – Trade along the Silk Roads – Sea Trade • Technological/Cultural Achievements – Gunpowder, block printing – Moveable type, compass 4. Islamic Empire • Political stability – Abbassid Dynasty • Economic Prosperity – Center of World Trade – Banking system • Technological/Cultural Achievements – Mathematics – Medical books – Circumference of the Earth 5. Maurya • India • Political stability – Emperor Chandragupta • Economic Prosperity – Trade on Silk Roads • Technological/Cultural Achievements – Spread Buddhism to China/SE Asia 6. Gupta Empire • India • Political stability – Centralized bureaucracy • Economic Prosperity – Trade on Silk Road • Technological/Cultural Achievements – Arabic numerals – Earth is round – Small pox vaccination Middle Ages • Feudalism = land in exchange for protection & loyalty –Decentralized –Church is powerful • System of mutual obligations • Rigid class system • Manorialism = economic system –Self-sufficient manors Vs. Emperor ShogunKing Japanese Feudalism (1100s) Lords Daimyo Samurai Vassals = warriors; Bushido Knights = warriors; chivalry Peasants (85%) Serfs Artisans 85%Merchants of the pop. System of mutual obligation • Crusades – Holy wars (1096) – Christians vs. Muslims to recapture holyland – Creates a rise in trade, cultural diffusion, and demand for goods from the east Japanese Feudalism • Result of geographic limitations –Archipelago –Oceans • Tokugawa Shogunate –Centralized feudalism –Closed country policy More Golden Ages Mongols, Ming, and Ottomans 7. Pax Mongolia • China & Asia • Political stability – Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan • Economic Prosperity – Safe trade on Silk Road • Technological/Cultural Achievements – Brings Europe in contact with Asia – Demand for eastern goods rises • Impact on Russia: isolation & absolute gov’t 8. Ming Dynasty • China • Political stability – Mings overthrow Mongols – Civil service exams • Economic Prosperity – Silk Road & Sea trade – Exports: silk, porcelain, spices • Technological/Cultural Achievements – Silk, porcelain, jade, Most of Great Wall – Zheng He explored & established trade 9. Ottoman Empire • Middle East • Political stability – Suleiman creates law code • Economic Prosperity – Controlled trade between Europe and Asia – Conquered Constatinople • Technological/Cultural Achievements – Banking, canons, muskets, trade, spread of Islam Global Trade • Causes – Italy (Florence,Venice) near med Sea. – Mongols, Ottomans, Zheng He • Effects – Commercial Rev. = mercantilism, new business practices – Emerging middle class – Age of Exploration – Renaissance • Bubonic Plague (1350) – Brought by fleas on rats from China – Kills 1/3 pop. Of Europe – Economic decline Renaissance • 1300s-1600s • Cause: Rise in global trade, middle class • Effects: – Humanism = focus on human potential and achievement – Artistic achievement = Michelangelo, daVinci – Literary achievement = Shakespeare, Machiavelli – Printing Press (Gutenberg) leads to rise in # of books, rise in literacy, ideas spread quickly – Questioning spirit Reformation • 1500s- 1600s • Questioning of traditional authority • Causes – Sale of indulgences – Priests acting like kings – Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis – Printing press • Effects – New Christian denominations – End of religious unity/Holy Roman Empire – Decrease in Church power/rise of kings – Catholic/Counter Reformation = RCC try to stop people from leaving Ancient African Civilizations • Traditional Animistic beliefs – Artwork reflects religious beliefs • Ghana, Mali, Songhai CONTROL GOLD SALT TRADE • Mansa Musa – King of Mali – Traveled to Mecca – Built mosques, spread Islam in Africa Mesoamerica • Maya = Central America/ Southern Mex. • Aztec = Central Mex. (Tenochitlan) • Inca = Peru, Chile (Cuzco) –Built roads, bridges, step farming to overcome mountains • Polytheistic, human sacrifices (except Inca) to worship sun god Age of Exploration • Spain & Portugal = leaders • Individuals: Vasco da Gama, Columbus, Cortez, Pizarro • Causes: – 3 G’s – Seek new trade routes to Asia – Find natural resources – New navigational technology and weapons – Gain power • Effects: – Discovery of new lands – Columbian Exchange = spread of disease, new foods – Establishment of colonies = inhumane treatment of natives, mercantilism, Spanish social structure – Atlantic Slave Trade Age of Absolutism • Absolutism = rulers w/ complete power over the people • Phillip II of Spain – Religious persecution • Louis XIV (France) – Palace of Versailles – Religious persecution • Peter the Great (Russia) – westernization Scientific Revolution • Geocentric vs. heliocentric • Questioning of Church ideals of science • Individuals: – Ptolemy (geo) – Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton (helio) Enlightenment • Age of Reason • Questioning of gov’t authority and power • John Locke = natural rights, right to overthrow the gov’t • Voltaire = free speech & religion • Montesquieu = separation of powers • Rousseau = common good • Wollstonecraft = women’s education/rights The French Revolution Causes • Estates System = unequal distribution of land, wealth, & power • Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette are weak rulers • Economic decline • Enlightenment thinkers provide new ideas • American Revolution provides an example The French Revolution Effects • Political & Economic instability • Constitutional Monarchy • War with other European nations – Austria, Russia, Prussia • Reign of Terror – Robespierre • Rise of Napoleon • Latin American Independence Movements • Rise of Nationalism