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WarmUp #7 • Read pgs. 665 & 669 on light pollution & fingerprinting, in regards to the Industrial Revolution. • Answer the respective questions. Society in the Industrial Revolution 80 70 60 50 40 % urban in 1800 % urban in 1914 30 20 10 0 Great Britain France Germany Eastern Europe Men & Women • with more advanced machinery, factories became job sites for men • opened the ideas of separate “spheres” for men & women – men: work outside home – women: work inside home (i.e. raise family, etc.) • standard of living: level of material comfort (improved) Men & Women’s Spheres Movements of People • massive immigration to the United States • movement to the cities…then onto the suburbs “white flight” • increased movements to help the poor – child labor laws – Salvation Army, Hull House, etc. – free education (not equal) • movement to be more informed – newspapers increased (i.e. world events, human interest stories, political cartoons etc.) • movement for leisure time – professional sports (baseball/boxing/football) – travel (seaside, mountains etc.) – entertainment (theater, concerts, moving pictures) Art, Music & Literature • romanticism: emphasized emotional & intuitive reaction to the Enlightenment & Industrial Revolution – Beethoven: from Classical to Romantic music – Mary Shelley: Frankenstein (when science goes too far…) • realism: emphasized details of ordinary daily life – Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist & other stories about the plight of industrial workers – Leo Tolstoy: struggles in Russian society • impressionism: paintings where artists capture impression of scene, light, vivid color & motion – Claude Monet & Pierre-Auguste Renoir Romanticism Realism Impressionism Achievements in Biology • Charles Darwin voyaged around the world on the Beagle • wrote down observations from various islands • On the Origin of Species about natural selection: the animals that are better adapted to their environment are the ones to survive & pass on those traits • became the theory of evolution…very controversial! Achievements in Chemistry • 1803 John Dalton: atoms have varying masses & sizes • 1871 Dmitri Mendeleyev: arranged known elements into the periodic table (left gaps for elements, yet to be discovered) • 1898 Pierre & Marie Curie: discovered radium & radioactivity (some elements release energy as they break down) • 1911 Ernest Rutherford: nucleus is at center of the atom & made up of protons Pierre & Marie Curie Achievements in Physics • 1905 Albert Einstein: light can act as particles & waves • motion measured only from the viewpoint of the observer…thus, no absolute time & space: theory of relativity) • believed small amounts of mass could be converted into HUGE amounts of energy (E=mc2) – basis for atomic energy Albert Einstein Advances in Medicine • 1870 Louis Pasteur: link between microbes & disease – realized bacteria causes the spoilage of food & drink • if foods are heated to a high degree, the bacteria can be killed = pasteurization • 1860s Joseph Lister: antiseptic to kill germs in wounds – fewer people died from infection • increased training for doctors & nurses…& hospitals modernized (Clara Barton, Florence Nightingale) Medicine Psychology • study of mind & human behavior • Ivan Pavlov: studied animal behavior to prove conditioned response (reflex actions could be taught…dogs & bells) – concluded that human behavior was a series of conditioned responses to stimuli • Sigmund Freud: argued subconscious mind controlled behavior (id)…& kept some thoughts from the conscious mind (ego & superego) – used hypnosis, so patients would tell him their dreams, in order to recall repressed thoughts (psychoanalysis) – believed repressed thoughts caused mental illness Sigmund Freud & Ivan Pavlov