Download 1750-1914 Review

1750-1914 Review
The Industrial Revolution
• Began in Britain due to Agricultural
Revolution and food surplus
– New crops introduced from the New World
– Crop rotating
– Enclosure: fences put up for private farming and
gain
– New technology for plowing, seeding, reaping, etc
– Half of population left farms for citiesurbanization
Textile Industry
• Flying Shuttle [1733]
– invented by John Kay
– Sped up weaving process
• Spinning Jenny [1764]
– Invented by John Hargreaves
– Capable of spinning vast amounts of thread
• Cotton Gin [1793]
– Invented by Eli Whiney
– Vast amounts of cotton to be processed
Industrial Technology
• Steam engine [1769]
– Invented by Thomas Newcomer and improved by
James Watt
• Steamship [1807]
– Invented by Robert Fulton
• Steam powered locomotive [1820s]
– George Stephenson
More Technology
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The telegraph- [1837] Samuel Morse
The telephone- [1876] Alexander Graham Bell
The light bulb- [1879] Thomas Edison
The internal combustion engine- [1885]
Gottlieb Daimler
• The radio- [1890s] Guglielmo Marconi
• The airplane- [1903] Orville and Wilbur Wright
Scientific Revolution
Industrial Revolution
The process of
discovering,
learning,
evaluating, and
understanding
natural world
Appling
understandings
of scientific
revolution into
the world
Spread of
knowledge
Factory System
• Interchangeable parts- machines and parts
produced uniformly so they could be easily
replaced
• Assembly line- each factory worker only adds
one part to a finished product
• “Man becoming Machine”
• Workers underpaid and overworked
Family and Industrialization
• Women and children became part of work
force
• Low wages and dangerous jobs
• Factory boardinghouses removed workers
from families.
• Women able to live away from home and
manage income and leisure activities.
• Emergence of middle class
Social Stratification
• 1.) New aristocrats became rich from
industrial success
• 2.) Middle class made up of managers,
accountants, ministers, lawyers, doctors
• 3.) Working class= largest group made of
factory workers and peasant farmers
Economic and Social Philosophies
Karl Marx
Adam Smith
Capitalism
• Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations
[1776]- economic prosperity and fairness best
achieved through private ownership
• Individuals own means of production and sell
products in free and open market. Demand
would determine price (also known as free
market system)
• Laissez-faire capitalism- when governments
remove themselves entirely from a regulation
Karl Marx
• German economist and philosopher
• The Communist Manifesto [1848]
• Working class would revolt and take control of
production
– Observed Luddites- groups of workers in England
who destroyed equipment in factories as means of
protest
• Foundation of socialism and communism
MAJOR NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FREE
MARKET CAPTIALISM EXIST IN FACTORIES
AND CITIES
OPINION: Free market capitalism
is good, but reform it to minimize
the bad effects.
(United States)
OPINION:
Free market capitalism is bad,
so get rid of it and replace it
with something else
Reform
• Factory Act of [1883] limited hours of workday,
restricted children in factories, required owners
to make conditions safer and cleaner
• Labor Unions were made up of employees
bargaining for better working conditions and
threatening to strike
• Social mobility
• Woman’s suffrage [1920]
• Great European migrations to North or South
America
Natural Resources
• Needed for Industrial
Revolution
• Europe had coal and iron ore
but required raw materials
from colonies
European Ethnocentric Ideas
• Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”
– Britain superior to other races
• Moral obligation to dominate other people
– Rudyard Kipling: White Man’s Burden
European Imperialism in India
• Decline of Mughal Empire allowed for external
powers to move in
• [1750s] Seven Years War resulted in British
hegemony and kicked French out.
• Set up administrative regions throughout
Mughal Empire
• Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Punjab, Pakistan,
Afghanistan
Sepoy Mutiny
• East India company relied on Sepoys (Indians
working for Brits) as soldiers
• Appalled by Britain's hunger for land and
disrespect for Hindu and Muslim customs
• Started rebellion in [1857] when they found
out bullet cartridges that had to be bitten to
load the rifle was greased with pork and beef
fat
• Rebellion failed
Effects of Sepoy Rebellion
• Britain made India a crown colony
• Last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah II sent to
exile (ending Mughal Empire)
• [1877] Queen Victoria recognized as Empress
of India
• Supplied Britain with raw goods
• Expected to accept English attitudes
• Indian National Congress [1885] begin path to
independence
China
European Imperialism in China
• Opium War [1839-1842]
– Treaty of Nanjing “Unequal treaty” Britain given
rights to expand trade of Opium with China
• [1843] Britain declares Hong Kong as crown
possession
• Second Opium War [1856-1860]
– Chinese defeat results in opening of all of China to
European trade
Difference of European Imperialism in India and China
European
Imperialism in India:
establishment of
colonies
European
Imperialism in
China: trading
concessions
Effects of European Imperialism in
China
• Highlighted weak Chinese government
• White Lotus Rebellions- Buddhists frustrated with
taxes and government corruption
• Taiping Rebellion- “brother of Jesus” almost
brings down Manchu government
• [1860s] Strengthening Movement
• [1876] Korea declares independence
• [1883] Sino-French War
– Treaty of Shimonoseki
• Spheres of Influence
• “Open Door Policy”
The Boxer Rebellion
• The Society of Righteous and Harmonious
Fists
– anti-Manchu, anti-European, anti- Christian
•
•
•
•
Goal: Get rid of Europeans and Japanese
Guerilla warfare
Foreign reinforcements put down rebellion
Boxer Protocol- China must pay the Europeans
and Japanese for costs of rebellion and
apologize
Japanese Imperialism
• Before:
– Extremely isolated
– Ethnocentric
• Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on steam
boat [1853]
Meiji Restoration
• Samurai revolted against shogun
• Meiji Restoration- era of Japanese
Westernization
• Increased cultural creativity developing
national identity
• [1890s] industrial and militarized power
– [1895] Japan defeats China for Korea and Taiwan
– [1904] Russo-Japanese War results in Russia out
of Manchuria
• Japan becomes War Power
• Japanese industrialization on fast forward
– Didn’t have to make own technology, but adopt
Western industrialization
Berlin Conference
European Imperialism in Africa
• Slave trade ends between [1807-1820] for most
European nations
• Africa valuable for shipping and military reasons
• [1795] British seized Cape Town
• [1899-1902] Boer Wars
• [1910] South Africa becomes British colony
– Union of South Africa
– Under British Commonwealth
• African National Congress
– Opposed European colonialism and specific South
African Policies
Egypt
• Ottomans ruled [1517-1882]
• Muhammed Ali defeats French and Ottoman
in [1805]
– Ali had almost all control as a viceroy of Egypt
– Agriculture shift to cotton
• Suez Canal [1869] linked Mediterranean Sea
and Indian Ocean
– Britain seized control of canal by buying stock and
declared Egypt a protectorate
The Berlin Conference
• [1884] Otto von Bismarck hosts conference in
Berlin for European powers
– Rule for future colonization rights and boundaries
of Africa
– Encouraged colonialism based on political and
economic advantage for European powers
• By [1917], only Ethiopia and Liberia were
independent of European rule
• Colonial powers ruled directly over colonies
– Britain was an exception
Challenges of African Colonization
• Infrastructure building stripped Africa of
resources
• Treated natives harshly
• Boundary lines not based on African tradition
or culture
– Tribal lands split by two colonies under different
rule
– Two rival tribes brought together under same rule
• Traditional African culture started breaking
apart
The American Revolution
• Britain vs French (and Algonquin & Iroquois
tribes) during Seven Years’ War
– [1763] British victory
• British tax colonies in North America to help
pay for the war
– George Grenville
– Charles Townshend
• Americans upset about “No taxation without
representation”
American Revolution
• Boston Tea Party
• [April 19, 1775] Lexington and Concord
• Common Sense- Thomas Paine
– Used to urge support for independence
• Declaration of Independence [July 4, 1776]
• America gets aid from France
• [1781] defeated British
The French Revolution
• France had substantial war debts
– Spanish Succession, Seven Years’ War, American
Revolution
• King Louis XVI called on Estates General to
raise taxes [1789]
Estates General
Clergy
Nobles
• Made up of three “estates”
• Parlement decides that
Everyone else
estates should meet separately
• Third Estate afraid of being shut out of new
constitution
National Assembly
• Third Estate declares themselves the “National
Assembly” [June 17, 1789]
• Stormed Bastille [July14, 1789]
– Sparks anarchy; peasants attack nobility and feudal
institutions
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
– Ideas from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Enlightenment,
and American Revolution
– Freedom, equality, rule of law
– Freedom of worship
– Established the nation-state
New Constitution
• [1791] National Assembly ratified constitution
• King held executive power: Constitutional
Monarchy
• Austrians and Prussians invade France to restore
the monarchy
• French revolutionaries hold them back
• The Convention becomes new ruling body
–
–
–
–
Abolish the monarchy
France= republic
Led by Jacobins
King beheaded for treason [1793]
American vs French Revolution
American Revolution
• Colonial uprising against
imperial power
(independence)
• End result- United States
with imperial power of
England still intact
French Revolution
• Citizens against own
country’s leadership
(revolution)
• End result- king beheaded
and socio-political structure
changes
The Reign of Terror
• The Convention worried foreign threats and
internal chaos would lead to demise
• Created Committee of Public Safety:
Maximilien Robespierre
– enforcer of revolution
– Killed those suspected of anti-revolutionary
tendencies
• [1795] kill Robespierre
The Directory
• France writes new constitution in [1795]
• Five man government called the directory
• Built up military
– Napoleon Bonaparte was a general
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Military success under the Directory
• Overthrew the Directory in [1799]
• Popular vote- Declared himself the First
Consul under new constitution
• Napoleonic Codes [1804]
– Equality of French citizens (men)
Napoleon’s Empire
• Troops conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain,
Portugal, and kingdoms in Italy
• Reorganized Holy Roman Empire into a
confederacy of German states
• [1810] Napoleon crowned himself as emperor
Downfall of Napoleon
• France lacked resources to control an empire
• Attacked Russia during winter
– Russians set fire to Moscow to prevent shelter for
Napoleon and troops
– Napoleon retreats
– Short on supplies and shelter; attacked
– Napoleon sent to exile to St. Helena after defeat
at Waterloo [1813]
Congress of Vienna
•
•
•
•
Prince von Metternich from Austria
Alexander I from Russia
Duke of Wellington from Britain
Decided to cut France back to its pre-Napoleon
size
• Absolute rule to monarchs in France, Spain,
Holland, and many Italian states
• “Erase the whole French Revolution and
Napoleon”
Haitian Revolution
• Haiti= French island colony
• French colonists owned plantations
– [1800] 90% of population was slaves
• [1801] Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave,
leads violent slave revolt
• Defeat 20,000 of Napoleon’s troops
– Yellow fever helped
• [1804] Jacques Dessalines, former slave,
proclaimed Haiti a free republic
– Governor-general for life
• Haiti: first independent nation of Latin America
South America
• [1808] Napoleon appointed his brother,
Joseph Bonaparte, to Spanish throne
• Spanish authorities in colonies decide to
remain loyal to Spanish king
• Venezuela- eject Napoleon’s governor and
appoint Simon Bolivar
– [1811] establishes national congress
– Declared independence from Spain
– Bolivar wins Gran Colombia in civil war
South America
• Jose de San Martin was a Creole in Spanish
army
• [1814] took command of Argentina’s armies
• Took revolutionary moment to Chile and Peru
– Bernardo O’Higgins part of Chile movement
– Joined forces with Simon Bolivar
– [1820s] huge chunk of South America declared
independence from Spain
Brazil
• [1807] John VI, Portuguese king, fled to Brazil during
Napoleon’s rule
• [1821] After Napoleon’s defeat, John VI returns to
Portugal
• Leaves son, Pedro, to run Brazilian colony
• Pedro declared independence and crowned himself
emperor
• [1831] Pedro II ruled
• Pedro II’s daughter, Isabel, abolishes slavery [1888]
– Land owning class strengthened, revolt
– Establish republic in [1889]
Mexico
• [1810] Miguel Hidalgo, Creole priest, led revolt
against Spanish rule
• Spanish army puts down revolt at Calderon
Bridge. Hidalgo executed
• Jose Morelos lead revolutionaries against loyalists
– Land owning class turns against him [1815] executed
• [1821] Treaty of Cordoba
– independence
Effects of Latin American
Independence Movements
• The Catholic Church remained powerful
– Many Enlightenment ideas didn’t spread
– Protected status quo
– One of the largest landowners in Latin America
• Economies still dependent on Europe
Europe
Italy
• Mid-nineteenth century: Italy was a mess of
foreign-controlled small kingdoms
• [1849] Victor Emmanuel II- king of Sardinia
and Count Camillo Cavour go to war and
remove Austria from Italy
• [1860] Giuseppe Garibaldi and volunteer army
kick Spain out of Italy
• [1870] Italy wins control of Rome
• Unified under Victor Emmanuel II
Germany
• Peace of Westpahlia [1648]= regional
governments
– Prussia and Austria dominated
• Prussia: Frederick the Great
– Embraced Industrial Revolution
– Supported education (work force)
• [1861] William I: king of Prussia appointed
Otto von Bismarck as prime minister
Otto von Bismarck
• Clever strategy to unify Germany
– Defeated Austria in 7 weeks
– Secured most German principalities except heavy
Catholic regions
– Formed alliance with Catholic German states against
France
– Provoked France to declare war on Prussia
– Defeated French, German Catholic regions under
Prussian control
– Appointed King William I as emperor of new German
Empire
– King William II makes Bismarck resign and builds
military power
Russia
• Absolute power to Romanov czars
• [1860s] Reforms under Alexander II
– Emancipation Edict: abolished serfdom
Art
• Tolstoy
– Anna Karenina
– War and Peace
• Dostoyevesky
– The Brothers Karamazov
• Tchaikovsky
– Swan Lake
– The Nutcracker
Alexander III
• Alexander II assassinated by The People’s Will
• Alexander III
– Russification: all Russians expected to learn
Russian language and convert to Russian
Orthodoxy
– Suppress anything anti-Russian; killed those that
didn’t comply
Nicholas II
• [1894-1917]
• Socialists began to organize
• Russians defeated in war with Japan for
Manchuria [1904]
• Bloody Sunday: protestors go to czar’s palace
to protest, Nicholas orders troops to fire on
them
Attempts of Russian Reform
• [1906] czar enacted legislative reforms
• Appointed Prime Minister Peter Stolypin
• Created the Duma
– Body to represent Russian people
– Whenever Duma too critical of czar, he would
disband it
Ottoman Empire
• Decline in sixteenth century
• Nineteenth century, danger of collapse
• Britain and France tried to keep the empire
going to prevent Russian expansion
– Crimean War [1853]
U.S. Foreign Policy
• [1823] President Monroe issued the Monroe
Doctrine
– Western hemisphere off limits to European aggression
• [1898] Spanish-American War
– U.S. gains control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines
• [1904] President Roosevelt issued Roosevelt
Corollary
– U.S would intervene in financial disputes
– between Europe and countries in the Americas
• Panama Canal [1904-1914]
The Role of Women
• Education, equal wages, and professional opportunities
mostly inaccessible
• Movements began for women’s political and legal
rights
– Labor unions
– Socialist parties
• Earliest feminist writers in Europe emerged
• Most western countries opened university education to
women
• Literacy rates in China and India remained low into
twentieth century
Growth of Nationalism
• Desire of people of a common cultural
heritage to form and independent nationstate/ empire that protects cultural identity
• Oppressors used nationalist feelings to justify
superiority