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1750-1914 Review The Industrial Revolution • Began in Britain due to Agricultural Revolution and food surplus – New crops introduced from the New World – Crop rotating – Enclosure: fences put up for private farming and gain – New technology for plowing, seeding, reaping, etc – Half of population left farms for citiesurbanization Textile Industry • Flying Shuttle [1733] – invented by John Kay – Sped up weaving process • Spinning Jenny [1764] – Invented by John Hargreaves – Capable of spinning vast amounts of thread • Cotton Gin [1793] – Invented by Eli Whiney – Vast amounts of cotton to be processed Industrial Technology • Steam engine [1769] – Invented by Thomas Newcomer and improved by James Watt • Steamship [1807] – Invented by Robert Fulton • Steam powered locomotive [1820s] – George Stephenson More Technology • • • • The telegraph- [1837] Samuel Morse The telephone- [1876] Alexander Graham Bell The light bulb- [1879] Thomas Edison The internal combustion engine- [1885] Gottlieb Daimler • The radio- [1890s] Guglielmo Marconi • The airplane- [1903] Orville and Wilbur Wright Scientific Revolution Industrial Revolution The process of discovering, learning, evaluating, and understanding natural world Appling understandings of scientific revolution into the world Spread of knowledge Factory System • Interchangeable parts- machines and parts produced uniformly so they could be easily replaced • Assembly line- each factory worker only adds one part to a finished product • “Man becoming Machine” • Workers underpaid and overworked Family and Industrialization • Women and children became part of work force • Low wages and dangerous jobs • Factory boardinghouses removed workers from families. • Women able to live away from home and manage income and leisure activities. • Emergence of middle class Social Stratification • 1.) New aristocrats became rich from industrial success • 2.) Middle class made up of managers, accountants, ministers, lawyers, doctors • 3.) Working class= largest group made of factory workers and peasant farmers Economic and Social Philosophies Karl Marx Adam Smith Capitalism • Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations [1776]- economic prosperity and fairness best achieved through private ownership • Individuals own means of production and sell products in free and open market. Demand would determine price (also known as free market system) • Laissez-faire capitalism- when governments remove themselves entirely from a regulation Karl Marx • German economist and philosopher • The Communist Manifesto [1848] • Working class would revolt and take control of production – Observed Luddites- groups of workers in England who destroyed equipment in factories as means of protest • Foundation of socialism and communism MAJOR NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FREE MARKET CAPTIALISM EXIST IN FACTORIES AND CITIES OPINION: Free market capitalism is good, but reform it to minimize the bad effects. (United States) OPINION: Free market capitalism is bad, so get rid of it and replace it with something else Reform • Factory Act of [1883] limited hours of workday, restricted children in factories, required owners to make conditions safer and cleaner • Labor Unions were made up of employees bargaining for better working conditions and threatening to strike • Social mobility • Woman’s suffrage [1920] • Great European migrations to North or South America Natural Resources • Needed for Industrial Revolution • Europe had coal and iron ore but required raw materials from colonies European Ethnocentric Ideas • Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest” – Britain superior to other races • Moral obligation to dominate other people – Rudyard Kipling: White Man’s Burden European Imperialism in India • Decline of Mughal Empire allowed for external powers to move in • [1750s] Seven Years War resulted in British hegemony and kicked French out. • Set up administrative regions throughout Mughal Empire • Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Punjab, Pakistan, Afghanistan Sepoy Mutiny • East India company relied on Sepoys (Indians working for Brits) as soldiers • Appalled by Britain's hunger for land and disrespect for Hindu and Muslim customs • Started rebellion in [1857] when they found out bullet cartridges that had to be bitten to load the rifle was greased with pork and beef fat • Rebellion failed Effects of Sepoy Rebellion • Britain made India a crown colony • Last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah II sent to exile (ending Mughal Empire) • [1877] Queen Victoria recognized as Empress of India • Supplied Britain with raw goods • Expected to accept English attitudes • Indian National Congress [1885] begin path to independence China European Imperialism in China • Opium War [1839-1842] – Treaty of Nanjing “Unequal treaty” Britain given rights to expand trade of Opium with China • [1843] Britain declares Hong Kong as crown possession • Second Opium War [1856-1860] – Chinese defeat results in opening of all of China to European trade Difference of European Imperialism in India and China European Imperialism in India: establishment of colonies European Imperialism in China: trading concessions Effects of European Imperialism in China • Highlighted weak Chinese government • White Lotus Rebellions- Buddhists frustrated with taxes and government corruption • Taiping Rebellion- “brother of Jesus” almost brings down Manchu government • [1860s] Strengthening Movement • [1876] Korea declares independence • [1883] Sino-French War – Treaty of Shimonoseki • Spheres of Influence • “Open Door Policy” The Boxer Rebellion • The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists – anti-Manchu, anti-European, anti- Christian • • • • Goal: Get rid of Europeans and Japanese Guerilla warfare Foreign reinforcements put down rebellion Boxer Protocol- China must pay the Europeans and Japanese for costs of rebellion and apologize Japanese Imperialism • Before: – Extremely isolated – Ethnocentric • Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on steam boat [1853] Meiji Restoration • Samurai revolted against shogun • Meiji Restoration- era of Japanese Westernization • Increased cultural creativity developing national identity • [1890s] industrial and militarized power – [1895] Japan defeats China for Korea and Taiwan – [1904] Russo-Japanese War results in Russia out of Manchuria • Japan becomes War Power • Japanese industrialization on fast forward – Didn’t have to make own technology, but adopt Western industrialization Berlin Conference European Imperialism in Africa • Slave trade ends between [1807-1820] for most European nations • Africa valuable for shipping and military reasons • [1795] British seized Cape Town • [1899-1902] Boer Wars • [1910] South Africa becomes British colony – Union of South Africa – Under British Commonwealth • African National Congress – Opposed European colonialism and specific South African Policies Egypt • Ottomans ruled [1517-1882] • Muhammed Ali defeats French and Ottoman in [1805] – Ali had almost all control as a viceroy of Egypt – Agriculture shift to cotton • Suez Canal [1869] linked Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean – Britain seized control of canal by buying stock and declared Egypt a protectorate The Berlin Conference • [1884] Otto von Bismarck hosts conference in Berlin for European powers – Rule for future colonization rights and boundaries of Africa – Encouraged colonialism based on political and economic advantage for European powers • By [1917], only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent of European rule • Colonial powers ruled directly over colonies – Britain was an exception Challenges of African Colonization • Infrastructure building stripped Africa of resources • Treated natives harshly • Boundary lines not based on African tradition or culture – Tribal lands split by two colonies under different rule – Two rival tribes brought together under same rule • Traditional African culture started breaking apart The American Revolution • Britain vs French (and Algonquin & Iroquois tribes) during Seven Years’ War – [1763] British victory • British tax colonies in North America to help pay for the war – George Grenville – Charles Townshend • Americans upset about “No taxation without representation” American Revolution • Boston Tea Party • [April 19, 1775] Lexington and Concord • Common Sense- Thomas Paine – Used to urge support for independence • Declaration of Independence [July 4, 1776] • America gets aid from France • [1781] defeated British The French Revolution • France had substantial war debts – Spanish Succession, Seven Years’ War, American Revolution • King Louis XVI called on Estates General to raise taxes [1789] Estates General Clergy Nobles • Made up of three “estates” • Parlement decides that Everyone else estates should meet separately • Third Estate afraid of being shut out of new constitution National Assembly • Third Estate declares themselves the “National Assembly” [June 17, 1789] • Stormed Bastille [July14, 1789] – Sparks anarchy; peasants attack nobility and feudal institutions • Declaration of the Rights of Man – Ideas from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Enlightenment, and American Revolution – Freedom, equality, rule of law – Freedom of worship – Established the nation-state New Constitution • [1791] National Assembly ratified constitution • King held executive power: Constitutional Monarchy • Austrians and Prussians invade France to restore the monarchy • French revolutionaries hold them back • The Convention becomes new ruling body – – – – Abolish the monarchy France= republic Led by Jacobins King beheaded for treason [1793] American vs French Revolution American Revolution • Colonial uprising against imperial power (independence) • End result- United States with imperial power of England still intact French Revolution • Citizens against own country’s leadership (revolution) • End result- king beheaded and socio-political structure changes The Reign of Terror • The Convention worried foreign threats and internal chaos would lead to demise • Created Committee of Public Safety: Maximilien Robespierre – enforcer of revolution – Killed those suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies • [1795] kill Robespierre The Directory • France writes new constitution in [1795] • Five man government called the directory • Built up military – Napoleon Bonaparte was a general Napoleon Bonaparte • Military success under the Directory • Overthrew the Directory in [1799] • Popular vote- Declared himself the First Consul under new constitution • Napoleonic Codes [1804] – Equality of French citizens (men) Napoleon’s Empire • Troops conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and kingdoms in Italy • Reorganized Holy Roman Empire into a confederacy of German states • [1810] Napoleon crowned himself as emperor Downfall of Napoleon • France lacked resources to control an empire • Attacked Russia during winter – Russians set fire to Moscow to prevent shelter for Napoleon and troops – Napoleon retreats – Short on supplies and shelter; attacked – Napoleon sent to exile to St. Helena after defeat at Waterloo [1813] Congress of Vienna • • • • Prince von Metternich from Austria Alexander I from Russia Duke of Wellington from Britain Decided to cut France back to its pre-Napoleon size • Absolute rule to monarchs in France, Spain, Holland, and many Italian states • “Erase the whole French Revolution and Napoleon” Haitian Revolution • Haiti= French island colony • French colonists owned plantations – [1800] 90% of population was slaves • [1801] Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave, leads violent slave revolt • Defeat 20,000 of Napoleon’s troops – Yellow fever helped • [1804] Jacques Dessalines, former slave, proclaimed Haiti a free republic – Governor-general for life • Haiti: first independent nation of Latin America South America • [1808] Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, to Spanish throne • Spanish authorities in colonies decide to remain loyal to Spanish king • Venezuela- eject Napoleon’s governor and appoint Simon Bolivar – [1811] establishes national congress – Declared independence from Spain – Bolivar wins Gran Colombia in civil war South America • Jose de San Martin was a Creole in Spanish army • [1814] took command of Argentina’s armies • Took revolutionary moment to Chile and Peru – Bernardo O’Higgins part of Chile movement – Joined forces with Simon Bolivar – [1820s] huge chunk of South America declared independence from Spain Brazil • [1807] John VI, Portuguese king, fled to Brazil during Napoleon’s rule • [1821] After Napoleon’s defeat, John VI returns to Portugal • Leaves son, Pedro, to run Brazilian colony • Pedro declared independence and crowned himself emperor • [1831] Pedro II ruled • Pedro II’s daughter, Isabel, abolishes slavery [1888] – Land owning class strengthened, revolt – Establish republic in [1889] Mexico • [1810] Miguel Hidalgo, Creole priest, led revolt against Spanish rule • Spanish army puts down revolt at Calderon Bridge. Hidalgo executed • Jose Morelos lead revolutionaries against loyalists – Land owning class turns against him [1815] executed • [1821] Treaty of Cordoba – independence Effects of Latin American Independence Movements • The Catholic Church remained powerful – Many Enlightenment ideas didn’t spread – Protected status quo – One of the largest landowners in Latin America • Economies still dependent on Europe Europe Italy • Mid-nineteenth century: Italy was a mess of foreign-controlled small kingdoms • [1849] Victor Emmanuel II- king of Sardinia and Count Camillo Cavour go to war and remove Austria from Italy • [1860] Giuseppe Garibaldi and volunteer army kick Spain out of Italy • [1870] Italy wins control of Rome • Unified under Victor Emmanuel II Germany • Peace of Westpahlia [1648]= regional governments – Prussia and Austria dominated • Prussia: Frederick the Great – Embraced Industrial Revolution – Supported education (work force) • [1861] William I: king of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck as prime minister Otto von Bismarck • Clever strategy to unify Germany – Defeated Austria in 7 weeks – Secured most German principalities except heavy Catholic regions – Formed alliance with Catholic German states against France – Provoked France to declare war on Prussia – Defeated French, German Catholic regions under Prussian control – Appointed King William I as emperor of new German Empire – King William II makes Bismarck resign and builds military power Russia • Absolute power to Romanov czars • [1860s] Reforms under Alexander II – Emancipation Edict: abolished serfdom Art • Tolstoy – Anna Karenina – War and Peace • Dostoyevesky – The Brothers Karamazov • Tchaikovsky – Swan Lake – The Nutcracker Alexander III • Alexander II assassinated by The People’s Will • Alexander III – Russification: all Russians expected to learn Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy – Suppress anything anti-Russian; killed those that didn’t comply Nicholas II • [1894-1917] • Socialists began to organize • Russians defeated in war with Japan for Manchuria [1904] • Bloody Sunday: protestors go to czar’s palace to protest, Nicholas orders troops to fire on them Attempts of Russian Reform • [1906] czar enacted legislative reforms • Appointed Prime Minister Peter Stolypin • Created the Duma – Body to represent Russian people – Whenever Duma too critical of czar, he would disband it Ottoman Empire • Decline in sixteenth century • Nineteenth century, danger of collapse • Britain and France tried to keep the empire going to prevent Russian expansion – Crimean War [1853] U.S. Foreign Policy • [1823] President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine – Western hemisphere off limits to European aggression • [1898] Spanish-American War – U.S. gains control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines • [1904] President Roosevelt issued Roosevelt Corollary – U.S would intervene in financial disputes – between Europe and countries in the Americas • Panama Canal [1904-1914] The Role of Women • Education, equal wages, and professional opportunities mostly inaccessible • Movements began for women’s political and legal rights – Labor unions – Socialist parties • Earliest feminist writers in Europe emerged • Most western countries opened university education to women • Literacy rates in China and India remained low into twentieth century Growth of Nationalism • Desire of people of a common cultural heritage to form and independent nationstate/ empire that protects cultural identity • Oppressors used nationalist feelings to justify superiority