* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download World History - Mr. Darby`s History
Islam and Mormonism wikipedia , lookup
International reactions to Fitna wikipedia , lookup
Succession to Muhammad wikipedia , lookup
Islamofascism wikipedia , lookup
Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Salafi jihadism wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Islamism wikipedia , lookup
Islamic Golden Age wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam wikipedia , lookup
Morality in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and Sikhism wikipedia , lookup
Islamic democracy wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Afghanistan wikipedia , lookup
Islamic socialism wikipedia , lookup
Medieval Muslim Algeria wikipedia , lookup
War against Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and secularism wikipedia , lookup
Islamic ethics wikipedia , lookup
Islam and violence wikipedia , lookup
Islamic missionary activity wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Somalia wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Bangladesh wikipedia , lookup
Islam and war wikipedia , lookup
History of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islam and modernity wikipedia , lookup
Islam and other religions wikipedia , lookup
Political aspects of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Islamic culture wikipedia , lookup
Schools of Islamic theology wikipedia , lookup
World History Chapter 11, Section 2 Spread of Islam 5/24/2017 John 3:16 1 Main Idea The Islamic state expanded and affected a variety of cultures 5/24/2017 John 3:16 2 Terms to Define Caliph Jihad 5/24/2017 John 3:16 3 People to Meet Abu Bakr Ali Mu’awiyah Husayn The Sunni The Shiite Harun al-Rashid 5/24/2017 John 3:16 4 Places to Locate Damascus Bagdad 5/24/2017 John 3:16 5 Did You Know? According to Islam, the duty of jihad—a religious duty on Muslims to spread Islam by waging war—can be fulfilled in four ways: by the heart, the tongue, the hand, and the sword. Jihad has come to denote any conflict waged for principle 5/24/2017 John 3:16 6 Successor to Muhammad Muhammad died in A.D. 632 No instructions for succession No one could really replace Muhammad Needed strong leader to preserve unity Leaders chose new type of leader— caliph, meaning successor 5/24/2017 John 3:16 7 The Rightly Guided Caliphs First four chosen for life—close friends and relatives of Muhammad All sought to protect and spread Islam beyond Arabian Peninsula First was his father-in-law, Abu Bakr Last was his son-in-law, Ali Sought guidance from other Muslims— ”rightly guided…” 5/24/2017 John 3:16 8 The Rightly Guided Caliphs Kept in close touch with the people Asked the advice of other Muslim leaders 5/24/2017 John 3:16 9 Early Conquests Muslims military forces carried Islam forward Attacked Byzantine and Persian Empires Wanted land for growing population Conquered Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia, and Egypt 5/24/2017 John 3:16 10 Islamic Conquest Success— Why? They were united in religious duty— ”jihad”—religious struggle The other empires were weak from war Conquered people welcomed the more benevolent Muslim rule 5/24/2017 John 3:16 11 Islamic Conquest Success-Why Quran forbade use of force in winning converts Islamic teaching promised warriors who died in jihad immediate entry into paradise 5/24/2017 John 3:16 12 Division Within Islam Many wanted to fill the Caliph Struggle began when Ali was elected the fourth caliph 5/24/2017 One of Ali’s powerful rivals, Mu’awiyah, governor of Syria and nephew of the third caliph, Uthman, who had been murdered Mu’awiyah accused Ali supports of encouraging the murder John 3:16 13 Division Within Islam Ali tried to depose Mu’awiyah, but he refused to step down A battle ensued 5/24/2017 Mu’awiyah’s forces seemed a sure loss Mu’awiyah’s forces tied copies of Quran to lances, and Ali’s forces would not fight against them, forcing Ali to negotiate John 3:16 14 Division Within Islam During negotiations, Mu’awiyah’s forces took over Egypt and attacked Iraq In A.D. 661, Ali was stabbed to death by disillusioned follower Ali’s older son renounced his claim to the caliph Mu’awiyah became first caliph of Umayyad dynasty 5/24/2017 John 3:16 15 Division Within Islam Followers of Ali, the Shiites, never accepted Mu’awiyah’s rule When Mu’awiyah died, the Shiites claimed the caliph for Ali’s son, Husayn 5/24/2017 Husayn’s followers in Iraq invited him to lead them When Husayn arrived in Iraq with family and some followers, he was beheaded John 3:16 16 Division Within Islam Umayyad troops massacred all but women and a young son in a battle at Karbala 5/24/2017 The leader sent Hussayn’s head to Mu’awiyah’s son who assumed the caliphate John 3:16 17 Division of Islam The murders of Ali and Husayn led to permanent schism in Islamic world The majority of Muslims are Sunni 5/24/2017 “Followers of the Way” Follow the teachings of Muhammad Tradition of “Rightly guided Caliphs” Caliph may be any rightly guided Muslim accepted by the people John 3:16 18 Division of Islam The Shiites 5/24/2017 Smaller group of Muslims Series of leaders aimed at destroying existing caliph Establish new one in its place Live mostly in Iraq and Iran Believe caliph should be descendent of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and husband, Ali John 3:16 19 Shiite and Sunni Sunni--”followers of the way” Believe caliph was primarily a leader, not religious authority Shiite—followers of Ali and Husayn 5/24/2017 Believed the caliph should be held only by descendents of Muhammad Line should go through daughter Fatimah and her husband Ali John 3:16 20 Shiite and Sunni (cont) Split has lasted until modern times Profound impact 90 percent of Muslims are Sunnis Shiite stress spiritual life Shiite regard suffering and martyrdom as signs of their devotion to Islam Stress imam’s power as spiritual leader 5/24/2017 John 3:16 21 Shiite Live primarily in Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon Minority of Muslims 5/24/2017 John 3:16 22 The Islamic State Umayyads moved capital from Madinah to Damascus, Syria, which was more centrally located—A.D. 661-A.D.750 5/24/2017 John 3:16 23 Umayyad Conquests Warriors spread Islam to borders of India and China in the east In the west, Islam was spread to North Africa and Spain—southern most area of Christian western Europe 5/24/2017 John 3:16 24 Muslims Advance into Europe By A.D. 716, ruled most of Spain Advanced halfway into France before they were stopped at the Battle of Tours in A.D. 732 5/24/2017 John 3:16 25 Life in the Umayyad State Built powerful state Ruled more like kings than like the earlier caliphs Stress political rather than religious Made Arabic the official language Minted first currency Built roads and established postal routes 5/24/2017 John 3:16 26 Umayyad Tax Jews and non-Greek Christians were tolerated and given protection if they paid a tax Tolerated because the believed on one God 5/24/2017 John 3:16 27 Opposition to Umayyad Rule Dissatisfaction among non-Arab Muslims Paid more taxes Received lower wages in the military Discriminated against socially Discontent particularly strong in Iraq and Persia 5/24/2017 John 3:16 28 The Abbasids A.D. 747 anti-Umayyad Arabs and non- Arab Muslims joined forces and defeated the Umayyads The winning Abbasid Dynasty built a new city, Baghdad 5/24/2017 John 3:16 29 The Abbasids (cont) Caliph Harun al-Rashid Developed sophisticated urban civilization Emphasized diversity of empire’s people Many lands earlier won broke free 5/24/2017 John 3:16 30 World History Daily Life and Culture Section 3 5/24/2017 John 3:16 31 Main Idea The many achievements of Islamic civilization spread to and influenced other parts of the world 5/24/2017 John 3:16 32 Terms to Define Madrasa Bazaar Caligraphy Arabesque Chronicle 5/24/2017 John 3:16 33 People to Meet Ma’mum Al’Razi Ibn Sina Omar Khayyam Moses Maimonides Ibn-Khaldun 5/24/2017 John 3:16 34 Family Life Islam set boundaries for 5/24/2017 Family life Business Religious practices John 3:16 35 Role of Women Islam stress equality of all believers Woman’s social position was subservient to male family members Quran said men were responsible for women Woman’s position defined by her relationships as a sister, wife, mother daughter, etc 5/24/2017 John 3:16 36 Improved Social Position for Women Limited Polygamy Men could have up to four wives All were to be treated with equality and kindness Women had control of their property 5/24/2017 She could keep it when re-marrying She could inherit property John 3:16 37 Women Teachers Trade Charities Government Arts 5/24/2017 John 3:16 38 Role of Men Politics Army Baths Chess Gymnastics School—read and write Arabic Wealthier boys went on to “Madrasas”— theological schools 5/24/2017 John 3:16 39 City and Country Most lived in the country Leadership came from the cities Cites set up in residential business districts Began as trading centers or military towns 5/24/2017 John 3:16 40 Urban Centers Houses centered around courtyards Fountains and gardens Thick walls and few windows Few pieces of furniture People sat on carpets or leaned on pillows Meals—people sat in circle and ate from trays of breads, meats, and fruits 5/24/2017 John 3:16 41 Trade and the Bazaar Muslims dominated trade throughout the Middle East and North Africa until A.D. 1400s Destination for trade was the city bazaars, or marketplaces 5/24/2017 Mazes of shops and stalls People shopped from all over the world Men met for conversation and business John 3:16 42 Rural Areas Growing food difficult because of dry climate and scarce water Most farms were large with grants from the government Wheat, rice, beans, cucumbers, celery, mint, almonds, blackberries , melons, apricots, figs, olives, apples, pears, cherries, etc 5/24/2017 John 3:16 43 Islamic Achievements Use of Arabic promoted trade, encouraged communication and spread knowledge among different peoples of the Islamic state 5/24/2017 John 3:16 44 The House of Wisdom A.D. 800s Baghdad became a leading intellectual center Abbisid caliph Ma’mun founded House of Wisdom in Baghdad Specialized in translations of Greek, Persian, and Indian texts into scientific texts Sparked many scientific achievements in Islamic world 5/24/2017 John 3:16 45 Mathematics Adopted the numerals and developed the place-value system Number’s value is determined by the position of its digits Made possible great achievements in math Invented algebra and expressed equations to define curves and lines 5/24/2017 John 3:16 46 Astronomy and Geography Improved on the Greek astrolabe to accurately measure the size and circumference of the earth Produced the first accurate maps of Eastern Hemisphere 5/24/2017 John 3:16 47 Chemistry and Medicine Developed the animal/mineral/vegetable classification system - Al-Razi—renowned chemist and physician Founded the science of optics, the study of light 5/24/2017 John 3:16 48 Art and Literature Used “calligraphy”—the art of elegant handwriting—to decorate buildings “Arabesques”—geometric designs— were used to decorate books, carpets, swords, and walls 5/24/2017 John 3:16 49 Literature The Quran Poetry Kalila and Dimna—animal fables “A Thousand and One Nights” “The Arabian Nights” “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves” 5/24/2017 John 3:16 50 Philosophy and History Moses Maimonides—attempted to reconcile his faith with the teachings of Aristotle Ibn-Khaldun—looked for laws and cause and effect relationships to explain historical events 5/24/2017 John 3:16 51