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World History
Chapter 11, Section 2
Spread of Islam
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Main Idea
 The Islamic state expanded and affected
a variety of cultures
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Terms to Define
 Caliph
 Jihad
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People to Meet
 Abu Bakr
 Ali
 Mu’awiyah
 Husayn
 The Sunni
 The Shiite
 Harun al-Rashid
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Places to Locate
 Damascus
 Bagdad
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Did You Know?
 According to Islam, the duty of jihad—a
religious duty on Muslims to spread
Islam by waging war—can be fulfilled in
four ways: by the heart, the tongue, the
hand, and the sword. Jihad has come to
denote any conflict waged for principle
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Successor to Muhammad
 Muhammad died in A.D. 632
 No instructions for succession
 No one could really replace Muhammad
 Needed strong leader to preserve unity
 Leaders chose new type of leader—
caliph, meaning successor
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs
 First four chosen for life—close friends
and relatives of Muhammad
 All sought to protect and spread Islam
beyond Arabian Peninsula
 First was his father-in-law, Abu Bakr
 Last was his son-in-law, Ali
 Sought guidance from other Muslims—
”rightly guided…”
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs
 Kept in close touch with the people
 Asked the advice of other Muslim
leaders
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Early Conquests
 Muslims military forces carried Islam
forward
 Attacked Byzantine and Persian Empires
 Wanted land for growing population
 Conquered Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia,
and Egypt
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Islamic Conquest Success—
Why?
 They were united in religious duty—
”jihad”—religious struggle
 The other empires were weak from war
 Conquered people welcomed the more
benevolent Muslim rule
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Islamic Conquest Success-Why
 Quran forbade use of force in winning
converts
 Islamic teaching promised warriors who
died in jihad immediate entry into
paradise
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Division Within Islam
 Many wanted to fill the Caliph
 Struggle began when Ali was elected the
fourth caliph
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One of Ali’s powerful rivals, Mu’awiyah,
governor of Syria and nephew of the third
caliph, Uthman, who had been murdered
Mu’awiyah accused Ali supports of
encouraging the murder
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Division Within Islam
 Ali tried to depose Mu’awiyah, but he
refused to step down
 A battle ensued
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Mu’awiyah’s forces seemed a sure loss
Mu’awiyah’s forces tied copies of Quran to
lances, and Ali’s forces would not fight
against them, forcing Ali to negotiate
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Division Within Islam
 During negotiations, Mu’awiyah’s forces
took over Egypt and attacked Iraq
 In A.D. 661, Ali was stabbed to death by
disillusioned follower
 Ali’s older son renounced his claim to the
caliph
 Mu’awiyah became first caliph of
Umayyad dynasty
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Division Within Islam
 Followers of Ali, the Shiites, never
accepted Mu’awiyah’s rule
 When Mu’awiyah died, the Shiites
claimed the caliph for Ali’s son, Husayn
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Husayn’s followers in Iraq invited him to
lead them
When Husayn arrived in Iraq with family
and some followers, he was beheaded
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Division Within Islam
 Umayyad troops massacred all but
women and a young son in a battle at
Karbala
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The leader sent Hussayn’s head to
Mu’awiyah’s son who assumed the
caliphate
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Division of Islam
 The murders of Ali and Husayn led to
permanent schism in Islamic world
 The majority of Muslims are Sunni
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“Followers of the Way”
Follow the teachings of Muhammad
Tradition of “Rightly guided Caliphs”
Caliph may be any rightly guided Muslim
accepted by the people
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Division of Islam
 The Shiites
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Smaller group of Muslims
Series of leaders aimed at destroying
existing caliph
Establish new one in its place
Live mostly in Iraq and Iran
Believe caliph should be descendent of
Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah
and husband, Ali
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Shiite and Sunni
 Sunni--”followers of the way”
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Believe caliph was primarily a leader, not
religious authority
 Shiite—followers of Ali and Husayn
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Believed the caliph should be held only by
descendents of Muhammad
Line should go through daughter Fatimah
and her husband Ali
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Shiite and Sunni (cont)
 Split has lasted until modern times
 Profound impact
 90 percent of Muslims are Sunnis
 Shiite stress spiritual life
 Shiite regard suffering and martyrdom as
signs of their devotion to Islam
 Stress imam’s power as spiritual leader
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Shiite
 Live primarily in Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon
 Minority of Muslims
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The Islamic State
 Umayyads moved capital from Madinah
to Damascus, Syria, which was more
centrally located—A.D. 661-A.D.750
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Umayyad Conquests
 Warriors spread Islam to borders of India
and China in the east
 In the west, Islam was spread to North
Africa and Spain—southern most area of
Christian western Europe
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Muslims Advance into Europe
 By A.D. 716, ruled most of Spain
 Advanced halfway into France before
they were stopped at the Battle of Tours
in A.D. 732
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Life in the Umayyad State
 Built powerful state
 Ruled more like kings than like the
earlier caliphs
 Stress political rather than religious
 Made Arabic the official language
 Minted first currency
 Built roads and established postal routes
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Umayyad Tax
 Jews and non-Greek Christians were
tolerated and given protection if they
paid a tax
 Tolerated because the believed on one
God
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Opposition to Umayyad Rule
 Dissatisfaction among non-Arab Muslims
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Paid more taxes
Received lower wages in the military
Discriminated against socially
 Discontent particularly strong in Iraq and
Persia
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The Abbasids
 A.D. 747 anti-Umayyad Arabs and non-
Arab Muslims joined forces and defeated
the Umayyads
 The winning Abbasid Dynasty built a
new city, Baghdad
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The Abbasids (cont)
 Caliph Harun al-Rashid
 Developed sophisticated urban
civilization
 Emphasized diversity of empire’s people
 Many lands earlier won broke free
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World History
Daily Life and Culture
Section 3
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Main Idea
 The many achievements of Islamic
civilization spread to and influenced
other parts of the world
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Terms to Define
 Madrasa
 Bazaar
 Caligraphy
 Arabesque
 Chronicle
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People to Meet
 Ma’mum
 Al’Razi
 Ibn Sina
 Omar Khayyam
 Moses Maimonides
 Ibn-Khaldun
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Family Life
 Islam set boundaries for
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Family life
Business
Religious practices
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Role of Women
 Islam stress equality of all believers
 Woman’s social position was subservient
to male family members
 Quran said men were responsible for
women
 Woman’s position defined by her
relationships as a sister, wife, mother
daughter, etc
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Improved Social Position for
Women
 Limited Polygamy
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Men could have up to four wives
All were to be treated with equality and
kindness
 Women had control of their property
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She could keep it when re-marrying
She could inherit property
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Women
 Teachers
 Trade
 Charities
 Government
 Arts
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Role of Men
 Politics
 Army
 Baths
 Chess
 Gymnastics
 School—read and write Arabic
 Wealthier boys went on to “Madrasas”—
theological schools
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City and Country
 Most lived in the country
 Leadership came from the cities
 Cites set up in residential business
districts
 Began as trading centers or military
towns
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Urban Centers
 Houses centered around courtyards
 Fountains and gardens
 Thick walls and few windows
 Few pieces of furniture
 People sat on carpets or leaned on
pillows
 Meals—people sat in circle and ate from
trays of breads, meats, and fruits
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Trade and the Bazaar
 Muslims dominated trade throughout the
Middle East and North Africa until A.D.
1400s
 Destination for trade was the city
bazaars, or marketplaces
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Mazes of shops and stalls
People shopped from all over the world
Men met for conversation and business
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Rural Areas
 Growing food difficult because of dry
climate and scarce water
 Most farms were large with grants from
the government
 Wheat, rice, beans, cucumbers, celery,
mint, almonds, blackberries , melons,
apricots, figs, olives, apples, pears,
cherries, etc
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Islamic Achievements
 Use of Arabic promoted trade,
encouraged communication and spread
knowledge among different peoples of
the Islamic state
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The House of Wisdom
 A.D. 800s Baghdad became a leading
intellectual center
 Abbisid caliph Ma’mun founded House of
Wisdom in Baghdad
 Specialized in translations of Greek,
Persian, and Indian texts into scientific
texts
 Sparked many scientific achievements in
Islamic world
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Mathematics
 Adopted the numerals and developed
the place-value system
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Number’s value is determined by the
position of its digits
Made possible great achievements in math
 Invented algebra and expressed
equations to define curves and lines
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Astronomy and Geography
 Improved on the Greek astrolabe to
accurately measure the size and
circumference of the earth
 Produced the first accurate maps of
Eastern Hemisphere
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Chemistry and Medicine
 Developed the animal/mineral/vegetable
classification system
- Al-Razi—renowned chemist and physician
 Founded the science of optics, the study of light
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Art and Literature
 Used “calligraphy”—the art of elegant
handwriting—to decorate buildings
 “Arabesques”—geometric designs—
were used to decorate books, carpets,
swords, and walls
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Literature
 The Quran
 Poetry
 Kalila and Dimna—animal fables
 “A Thousand and One Nights”
 “The Arabian Nights”
 “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”
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Philosophy and History
 Moses Maimonides—attempted to
reconcile his faith with the teachings of
Aristotle
 Ibn-Khaldun—looked for laws and cause
and effect relationships to explain
historical events
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