Download Angiology 脉管系统

Introduction of the nervous system
神经系统总论
Contents
 Organization of Nervous System
 Elements of Nervous system
 Reflex and reflex Arcs
 Functions of Nervous System
 Teminology
Organization of Nervous System
•
Central nervous system 中枢神经系统
1. Brain 脑
2. Spinal cord 脊髓
•
Peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统
1. Cranial n. 脑神经（12 pairs)
2. Spinal n. 脊神经 (31 pairs)
3. Visceral n. 内脏神经
Elements of Nervous system
Neurons 神经元
Basic functioning units
of the nervous system
Neuroglia 神经胶质
Supporting cells
Neuron 神经元
Cell body：perikaryon (核周体）
Dendrites：receive messages from other
neurons and send them to the cell body
Axons：carry messages away from the cell body
Nissl Stain
Silver Stain
Types of nerve cells (1)
 according to number of their processes
Bipolar neuron 双级神经元
Pseudounipolar neuron 假单级神经元
Multipolar neuron 多级神经元
Types of nerve cells (2)
 according to their functions
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
感觉神经元
中间神经元
运动神经元
Sensory neurons
 Receive information
 Send impulses to the brain or spinal cord
Relay neuron (Interneurons)
Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves.
Motor neuron
Conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to
muscles or glands throughout your body
Transmission of signals- Synapse
Synapse
Small space across which an impulse moves from an
axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron.
Types of synapse
Chemical synapse
Electric synapse
Axodendritic
Dendrodendritic
Axosomatic
Somatosomatic
Axoplasmic Flow 轴浆流
Types of Neuroglia
IN CNS： oligodendrocyte 少突胶质细胞：形成髓鞘
astrocyto 星型胶质细胞 ：参与血脑屏障
microglia 小胶质细胞 ：吞噬防御
epndymocyte 室管膜细胞：构成脑室壁
IN PNS： schwann cell 雪旺氏细胞 ：形成髓鞘
capsular cell 被囊细胞
Neuroglia 神经胶质
Neuron
oligodendrocyte
astrocyto
epndymocyte
microglia
4 types of glia in the CNS:
1.Oligodendrocytes
•
Produce the myelin
sheath which provides
the electrical insulation
for certain neurons in
the CNS
2.Astrocytes
 Star-shaped, abundant, and versatile
 Guide the migration of developing neurons
 Involved in the formation of the blood brain
barrier
 Function in nutrient transfer
3.Microglia

Specialized immune cells that act
as the macrophages of the CNS

Why is it important for the CNS
to have its own army of immune
cells?
4.Ependymal Cells

Low columnar epithelial-esque
cells that line the ventricles of
the brain and the central canal of
the spinal cord

Some are ciliated which
facilitates the movement of
cerebrospinal fluid
2 types of glia in the PNS
Schwann cells
 Form myelin sheaths around
the larger
nerve fibers in the PNS.
 Vital to neuronal regeneration
Satellite cells
 Surround clusters of neuronal
cell
bodies in the PNS
 Unknown function
Reflex and Reflex Arcs
Reflexes are subconscious
stimulus-response mechanism.
Functions of Nervous System
1. Sensation 感觉
•
Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the
body. Such changes are known as stimuli and the cells
that monitor them are receptors.
2. Integration 整合
•
The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory
information to determine the appropriate response
3. Reaction
•
Motor output.
The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the
release of neurotransmitters )
The Teminology
神经元胞体集聚
灰质
皮质
神经核
神经纤维集聚
白质
髓质
纤维束
中枢部
周围部
神经元胞体集聚——神经节
神经纤维集聚———神经
网状结构
Spinal ganglions 脊神经节
Nerve 神经
思考题
1. 试述神经系统的分部及各部的主要功能
2. 神经元和神经胶质细胞是如何分类的？
3. 试述反射和反射弧的概念。
4. 试述神经系统有哪些基本术语。