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Brain high-order functions Hao Wang Ph. D. Institute of neuroscience The myth of brain There are about 86 billion neurons in the human brain! Neural circuits Jean Livet et al, 2007 • The brain is the home of complex processes such as memory, language and attention. Neuroscientists have long believed that these higher-order functions are associated with distinct areas in the brain. But no single area in the brain is responsible for any one of these processes. Usually, they require the integrated action of several brain areas. Brain higher-order functions • • • • • • Attention Emotions Memory and learning Executive functions (thinking) Self-consciousness Language Attention • Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Selective attention test • http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/53rd b8EUhe8/ Emotions emotion is the generic term for subjective, conscious experience that is characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. Emotions in non-human primates Emotion in rodents CS Fear Condition US The most well studied emotion in rodents is fear Neuronal circuits for conditioned fear CG, central grey; LH, lateral hypothalamus; PVN, paraventricular hypothalamus Memory and learning • Why we can learn? - Cellular mechanisms LTP and LTD - Structure changes after learning Longitudinal in vivo imaging Day 19 Day 79 Day 119 Day 226 Dendritic spines remodeling after learning Where does our memory stored? • The prefrontal cortex is responsible for short-term memory, such as keeping a phone number in mind while dialing it. • The hippocampus is responsible for forming new memories. Executive functions • • • • Concept Reasoning Decision making Problem solving Self-consciousness ?