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(1) Receives Snsory Input: Stimuli that arise outside or inside the body from different sensory receptors. (2) Integrates and Correlates the sensory input. (3) Motor Output: Effects a response to an Effector (Muscle or Gland). (1) Central Nervous System (CNS) (2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Brain. Spinal Cord. Occupies: Dorsal Body Cavity. Contains : Main Centers for Correlation and Integration of Sensory Input. 1.Cranial and Spinal nerves. 2.Their Ramifications within the body. 3.Associated Ganglia. It forms the link between the CNS and peripheral structures. (1) Sensory (Afferent): Carry impulses Toward the CNS. (2) Motor (Efferent) : Carry impulses From the CNS. (3) Mixed . A. Somatic : 1.Sensory (Afferent): It delivers impulses from: Skin. Skeletal muscles. joints. 2. Motor (Efferent ) It allows Conscious (Voluntary) Control of Skeletal Muscles. B. Autonomic Visceral (Afferent): It transmits impulses from: Visceral Organs. Visceral (Efferent): Controls Involuntary activity of Smooth, Cardiac Muscles and Glands. It is organized into: Gray and White matters. Gray Matter Composed of: Large number of Neurons (excitable nerve cells) Their processes (Dendrites). Neuroglia. Formed of: Nerve Fibers embedded in Neuroglia. Tracts : Nerve processes Sharing Common: Connections. Course. Functions. It is the Structural and Functional Unit of the Nervous System. Type of Neurons: 1. Sensory Carry information from the periphery to the CNS to reach the conscious level. Their cell bodies are always Outside the CNS in a Ganglion. 2. Motor (Efferent): Upper and Lower Motor Neurons Their cell bodies are always Located in the CNS. 3. Association (Interneurons): They are: Relay neurons. Connect sensory and motor neurons. Their cell bodies are always Located in the CNS. Dendrites : Receptive processes. Can detect changes in the external or internal environment. Axons : Carry information away from the cell body. Terminal Buttons are at the end of the axons. Transmission of information between neurons is always by Chemical not Electrical means. Meninges. Cerebrospinal Fluid. Bones of the skull & Vertebral Column. Composed of: Fore brain. Mid brain. Hind brain: Cerebellum Medulla . Pons. Pons : It appears as a Bridge connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres. Medulla Oblongata: Continuous Caudally with the Spinal Cord. Extends Rostrally to the Pons. An important center for Accurate, Coordinated and Purposeful movements. It operates at an Unconscious Level. It has an outer layer of Grey Matter (Cerebellar Cortex) It forms regular folds (Folia). The White Matter forms the Central Core. It is Rostral to the Pons. Its dorsal surface is formed by Four Rounded Eminences: Superior and Inferior Colliculi. It forms a small part of the entire brain. It consists of : Medulla. Pons. Mid brain (It is the smallest part of the brain stem). It is attached to the Cerebellum by three parts of nerve fibers (Peduncles) : Inferior to the medulla. Middle ( largest peduncle) to the pons. Superior to the mid brain. DIEN CEPHALON TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES EPI THALAMUS HYPO SUB THAALMUS THALAMUS T Massive part of the forebrain. The two hemispheres are separated by the Great Longitudinal Fissure. The fissure is occupied by the Falx Cerebri. The cerebral cortex is highly convoluted. These convolutions are the Gyri. The furrows between them are the Sulci FRONTAL OCCIPITAL TEMPORAL PARIETAL Large masses of cell bodies (Grey Matter) which are buried within the white matter. They are concerned with: Control of muscle tone & posture. They are important in: 1. Facilitation of appropriate motor behavior. 2. Inhibition of unwanted movements. CORPUS STRIATUM GLOBUS PALLIDUS PUTAMEN CAUDATE NUCLEUS Frontal Lobe Precentral Gyrus: It contains the primary Motor Cortex. Parietal Lobe Postcentral Gyrus: It contains primary Somatosensory Cortex. Occipital Lobe : Visual cortex Temporal Lobe : Auditory cortex They are the Neurons of the Motor area of Cerebral cortex. Their axons form: Descending Tracts. They control: Activity of Lower motor neurons. Their cell bodies are in: The Spinal Cord and Brain Stem. They Constitute: The final pathway to control the Skeletal Muscles. Corona Radiata: Radiating Fibers. Composed of: Afferent and Efferent fibers between the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical structures. Internal Capsule: A dense sheet of white matter. Deeply placed inside the hemisphere. Corpus Callosum: A sheet of Transversely running fibers. It links corresponding areas of the two cerebral cortices. The site of production of the CSF. Composed of: Fourth ventriclrre It is the Rostral Continuation of the Central Canal of the spinal cord. It is on the dorsal surface of the Medulla and Pons beneath the Cerebellum. Cerebral Aqueduct It runs through the Mid Brain. Third ventricle It is a slit like chamber. Its lateral walls are formed by the Diencephalon especially the Thalamus. Lateral Ventricle It is an extensive C – shaped chamber within the cerebral hemisphere.