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25
The United States in World War II
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
MAP
GRAPH
SECTION
1 Mobilizing for Defense
SECTION
2 The War for Europe and North Africa
SECTION
3 The War in the Pacific
SECTION
4 The Home Front
VISUAL SUMMARY
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The United States in World War II
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the military campaigns, political
decisions, and efforts on the home front that won
World War II
HOME
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The United States in World War II
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
It is December of 1941. After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor,
the U.S. has entered the war. As a citizen, you and millions like
you must mobilize a depressed peacetime country for war. The
United States must produce the workers, soldiers, weapons, and
equipment that will help to win the war.
How can the United States use its resources
to achieve victory?
Examine the Issues
• How can the government encourage businesses to convert to wartime
production?
• What sacrifices will you and your family be willing to make?
• How can the military attract recruits?
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The United States in World War II
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1941 The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. A. Philip
Randolph demands that war industries hire
African Americans.
1941 Hitler invades the Soviet Union.
1942 Roosevelt creates the War Production
Board to coordinate mobilization. Japanese
Americans are sent to relocation centers.
1942 In the Pacific, the Battle of Midway turns
the tide in favor of the Allies. Nazis develop the
"final solution" for exterminating Jews.
1943 Zoot-suit riots rock Los Angeles.
1943 Rommel’s forces surrender in North
Africa.
1944 GI Bill of Rights is passed. President
Roosevelt is elected to a fourth term.
1944 On June 6, the Allies launch D-Day, a
massive invasion of Europe.
1945 U.S. Marines take Iwo Jima. Harry S.
Truman becomes president when Roosevelt dies.
1945 Nazi retreat begins after the Battle of the
Bulge. Japan surrenders after atomic bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
HOME
1
Mobilizing for Defense
KEY IDEA
The United States enters the war and
mobilizes its citizens and resources to give its
allies unprecedented military and industrial
support.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
HOME
1
Mobilizing for Defense
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Following the attack on Pearl
Harbor, the United States
mobilized for war.
Military industries in the United
States today are a major part of
the American economy.
TERMS & NAMES
• War Production Board (WPB)
• rationing
• Manhattan Project
• George Marshall
• A. Philip Randolph
• Office of Price Administration
(OPA)
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp
(WAAC)
ASSESSMENT
HOME
1
Mobilizing for Defense
ASSESSMENT
1. List four ways that America prepared for war.
Industries geared up
for wartime production.
Creation of WAAC
Preparation for War,
1941-1942
Employment of women in
the war industry
Establishment of OPA
and WPB
continued . . .
1
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Mobilizing for Defense
ASSESSMENT
2. How did government regulations impact the lives of
civilians?
ANSWER
Rationing forced people to use resources wisely or do
without some goods. Gas rationing forced people to
carpool or walk to work. A “black market” developed that
illegally sold scarce goods.
End of Section 1
HOME
MAP
2
The War for Europe and North Africa
KEY IDEA
The United States, Great Britain, and the
Soviet Union cooperate in the fight to
defeat Germany and its allies.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
HOME
MAP
2
The War for Europe and North Africa
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Allied forces, led by the United
States and Great Britain, battled
Axis powers for control of
Europe and North Africa.
During World War II, the
United States assumed a
leading role in world affairs
that continues today.
TERMS & NAMES
• Omar Bradley
• D-Day
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• George Patton
• V-E Day
• Battle of the Bulge
• Harry S. Truman
ASSESSMENT
HOME
MAP
2
The War for Europe and North Africa
ASSESSMENT
1. List the major events influencing the fighting in Europe
and North Africa.
Event Two
Jan. 31, 1943
Germans
surrender at
Stalingrad.
Event One
Dec. 22, 1941
Churchill and
Roosevelt meet
at the White
House.
Event Four
May 1944
Battle of Anzio
ends.
Event Three
May 1943
Last of Afrika
Korps
surrenders.
Event Six
July 1944
Russians
liberate first
death camp.
Event Five
June 6, 1944
Allies invade
Normandy.
Event Eight
May 8, 1945
Germany
surrenders.
Event Seven
January 1945
Germany loses
Battle of the
Bulge.
continued . . .
MAP
2
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The War for Europe and North Africa
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you agree with the decision made by Roosevelt and
Churchill to require unconditional surrender by the Axis
powers? Why or why not? Think About:
• the advantages of defeating a foe decisively
• the advantages of ending a war quickly
• how other conflicts, such as the Civil War and
World War I, ended
ANSWER
Agree: Hitler had to be crushed completely so that he
would not have the opportunity to rebuild his army.
Disagree: If something less than unconditional surrender
were required, the bloodshed would stop earlier and
fewer Allied soldiers would be killed.
continued . . .
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MAP
2
The War for Europe and North Africa
ASSESSMENT
3. When President Roosevelt’s body was brought by train to
Washington, Betty Conrad was among the servicewomen
who escorted his casket.
“ The body in the casket was not only our leader but the
bodies of all the men and women who had given their lives
for freedom. They must not and will not have died in vain.”
What did Roosevelt’s body symbolize to Betty Conrad?
ANSWER
Roosevelt’s body symbolized the bodies of all the men
and women who had given their lives for freedom.
End of Section 2
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The War in the Pacific
KEY IDEA
America wages an aggressive military
campaign against Japan in the Pacific
Islands and finally ends the war.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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The War in the Pacific
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In order to defeat Japan and end
the war in the Pacific, the United
States unleashed a terrible new
weapon, the atomic bomb.
Countries of the modern world
struggle to find ways to prevent
the use of nuclear weapons.
TERMS & NAMES
• Chester Nimitz
• Nagasaki
• J. Robert Oppenheimer
• Battle of Midway
• Hiroshima
• Douglas MacArthur
• Nuremberg trials
• kamikaze
ASSESSMENT
HOME
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The War in the Pacific
ASSESSMENT
1. List the key military actions in the Pacific during
World War II and note the significance of each.
Military Action
Significance
Philippines
Japanese victory destroyed the myth of white supremacy in Asia.
Doolittle’s raid
American spirits lifted by the Tokyo bombing.
Midway
Damaged Japanese air power
Leyte Gulf
Reduced Japanese navy to minor role
Okinawa
Allowed attack on Japan itself
Hiroshima
America is first to use the atomic bomb.
Nagasaki
Led to Japan’s surrender
continued . . .
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The War in the Pacific
ASSESSMENT
2. At the trials, many Nazis defended themselves by
saying they were only following orders. What does this
rationale tell you about the German military? Why was it
important to negate this justification?
ANSWER
Soldiers observed the German military tradition of
following orders issued by commanding officers. It is
important to negate this point of view to stress the
importance of individual responsibility.
continued . . .
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The War in the Pacific
ASSESSMENT
3. Explain how the United States was able to defeat the
Japanese in the Pacific.
ANSWER
The United States followed an island-by-island strategy of
winning territory back from Japan. With each victory,
Allied forces moved closer to Japan.
continued . . .
3
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The War in the Pacific
ASSESSMENT
4. Is it legitimate to hold people accountable for crimes
committed during wartime? Why or why not? Think About:
• the laws that govern society
• the likelihood of conducting a fair trial
• the behavior of soldiers, politicians, and civilians during war
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Legitimate—People should be prosecuted for committing
atrocities as much during war time as during peacetime.
Not Legitimate—In war, people are expected to kill the
enemy. Ordinary laws do not apply during wartime.
End of Section 3
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GRAPH
4
The Home Front
KEY IDEA
Americans begin to adjust to new economic
opportunities and continuing social problems
after World War II.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
HOME
GRAPH
4
The Home Front
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After World War II, Americans
adjusted to new economic
opportunities and harsh social
tensions.
Economic opportunities afforded
by World War II led to a more
diverse middle class in the United
States.
TERMS & NAMES
• GI Bill of Rights
• internment
• Congress of Racial
Equality (CORE)
• James Farmer
• Japanese American Citizens
League (JACL)
ASSESSMENT
HOME
GRAPH
4
The Home Front
ASSESSMENT
1. List the advances and problems in the economy and in
civil rights during World War II.
Advances
Problems
Economy
Low unemployment, rising
crop prices, opportunities for
women
Shortage of housing and
food, rationing
Civil Rights
More equality in the military,
founding of CORE
Segregation, discrimination,
race riots in Detroit and Los
Angeles; internment of
Japanese Americans
continued . . .
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GRAPH
4
The Home Front
ASSESSMENT
2. How were the experiences of African Americans, Mexican
Americans, and Japanese Americans similar during World
War II? How were they different?
ANSWER
Similar: All three groups suffered from discrimination.
Different: Japanese Americans living on the West Coast
were forced into internment camps.
continued . . .
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GRAPH
4
The Home Front
ASSESSMENT
3. Do you think that the government’s policy of
evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified
on the basis of “military necessity”? Explain your
answer.
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Yes: The United States government had no way of telling
with certainty that Japanese citizens were loyal.
No: There was no proof that Japanese Americans were
disloyal to their country.
continued . . .
GRAPH
4
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The Home Front
ASSESSMENT
4. What effect did World War II have on American
families? Think About:
• the role of women in families and the economy
• the relationship between the races
• the impact of the federal government on society
ANSWER
The war changed traditional gender roles as women
enlisted in the armed forces and took jobs outside the
home. The war also reinforced the country’s longstanding policy of discrimination against minorities.
End of Section 4