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Artificial Intelligence What are we claiming when we talk about AI? How are Turing Machines important? How can we determine whether a machine can be said to think? Claims about AI Strong AI: computers will be able to think Weak AI: computers can be used to help understand how people think Turing Machines Requirements: 1. can interpret a set of symbols 2. can change states based on symbols 3. can write symbols onto a “tape” Ability: can solve any problem that is well-specified The Turing Test (Turing, 1950) Imitation Game When can we say that a machine is capable of thinking? The Chinese Room Experiment (Searle, 1980) A Thought Experiment: A person who does not speak Chinese is locked in a room with a set of rules for relating Chinese symbols. The person can use the rules to respond to input in Chinese just like a native speaker of Chinese. More on the Chinese Room... Searle’s question: Can we say that the person really understands Chinese? Searle’s answer: No, because the person does not show intentionality. intentionality: purpose, belief, emotion Non-Logical Reasoning about AI Double Standard: machines must show better evidence of intelligence than required of people Moving Standard: the criterion for success changes each time it is met Circular Definition: definition of intelligence requires it to be in humans