Download PowerPoint Presentation - Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence & Cognitive
Science
By: Andrea Pope,
Cindy Burdine, and
Kazumi Inoue
What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is
the attempt for computers to
perform intelligent actions.
According to John McCarthy,
AI is science and engineering
of making intelligent
machines, especially
intelligent computer
programs.
SDR－3X--- can dance
with music from Sony
Brief History of AI

1950s – The Beginning of AI
* “Simon” by Edmund Berkeley created
* ”Computing Machinery & Intelligence” by Alan Turing
* John McCarthy coined the term “Artificial
Intelligence”
* First running AI program at CMU
* McCarthy creates LISP
History continued…

1960s and 1970s
* Danny Bobrow shows that computers can
understand natural language enough to solve
algebra word problems
* Joseph Weizenbaum builds ELIZA
* Shakey, a robot is created, which combines
locomotion, perception, and problem solving
* The first computer-controlled vehicle was built
History continued…

1980s and Early 1990s
* Danny Hills co-founds Thinking Machines
* The drawing program, Aaron, was created
* Major advances in all areas of AI, such as machine
learnng, intelligent tutoring, case-based reasoning,
multi-agent planning, scheduling, virtual reality, etc.
History continued…

Late 1990s and Today
* IBM computer Deep Blue beats the World Champion
chess player
* Web crawlers and other AI-based information
extraction programs became Web essentials
* Interactive robot pets become commercially
available
People That Have Influenced AI

Herbert Simon
* Father of modern research in AI
* Developed first AI software
*Computers stimulate human thinking

Allen Newell
*Unified Systems of Cognition
*SOAR
*Human problem solving
Herbert Simon
People continued…

John McCarthy
* Coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”
* Invented LISP

John McCarthy
Marvin Minsky
*The Society of the Mind
*Computers and human commonsense reasoning
People continued…

Alan Turing
* “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
* The Turing Test
--http://www.AlanTuring.net

John Searle
Alan Turing
* Critique of computationalism and Strong AI
* Theory of intentionality
* Formed a naturalized theory of consciousness
Differences between Strong AI and
Weak AI

Strong AI
--Claims that computers can be made to think on a
level (at least) equal to humans and possibly even
be conscious of themselves

Weak AI
--States that some “thinking-like” features can be
added to computers to make them more useful tools
Aspects of AI

Fuzzy Logic
--Expresses operational laws of a system in linguistic
terms instead of mathematical equations

Moore’s Law
--The pace of microchip technology change is such
that the amount of data storage that a microchip can
hold doubles every year or at least every 18 months
Other Aspects of AI

Neural Networks
-- Systems that attempt to allow learning and to adapt
to different tasks that they are presented with

Robotics
--This field attempts to create robots that act
intelligently

Games
-- Good example of “Strong AI”
AI and Today


Machines doing the jobs of humans and animals.
Artificial Intelligence and the future.
--AI and American Idol
http://mi2n.com/press.php3?press_nb=48160
Palm Pilot
Maron-1: a phone controlled
robot for the home
Asimo--- can work
fast and smooth like
human from Honda.
References
http://www.open2net/nextbigthing/ai/ai_in_depth/in.depth.htm
http://www.pcai.com/web/ai_info/fuzzy_logic.htm
http://www.webopedia.com/moore’slaw
http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/proj/neuron/neural/what.html
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ai-faq/general/part1/section-4.html
http://www.ptproject.ilstu.edu/STRONGAI.HTML
http://www.peace.saumag.edu/faculty/kardas/Courses/CS/Lectur
es/AI.html
http://www.psy.cmu.edu/psy/faculty/hsimon/hsimon.html
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/index.html
References
http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/bios/mccarthy.html
http://www.turing.org.uk/turing
http://www.kuoi.asui.uidaho.edu/~kamikaze/documents/minsky.ht
ml
http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/
http://www.heinz1.library.cmu.edu/Newell/
http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/searle.html
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2001-06-20-ai-history.htm
http://www.generation5.org/aihistory.shtml
http://www.geocities.com/amy_hua_tang/hardware.html
http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml