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Transcript
Evolution & Natural Selection Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition What does it mean to evolve? What causes evolution? What evidence do we have for evolution? Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils GSE’s Genetic variations are passed on through reproduction. LS3–9a Evidence for evolution illustrates how organisms are related. LS3-9b Natural selection leads to evolution. LS3-9d Our understanding of evolution has changed over time. LS3-9e Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Evolution Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation The theory that organisms change (evolve) over time. Overproduction Competition Variations What is a theory? Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Why have thoughts about evolution changed? Vocabulary We used to think the earth was a few thousand years old We now know it is billions of years old from looking at rock samples. We used to think the planet and its inhabitants have not changed since the beginning of time. We now know the planet and its inhabitants have changed, from observing fossils. Adaptation Evolution Natural Selection Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Jean Pierre Lamark His theory was that organisms could change their traits during their lifetime by using them or not using them. These new traits were passed on to offspring and over time the species evolved. Example: Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection Overproduction Voyage of the HMS Beagle Variations Five-year journey to various places across the world Went to South America and the south pacific collecting specimens and making observations Competition Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Kept a journal of his findings Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Observation: Galapagos Finches The finches on each island had different types of beaks. Why do you think that might be? Beaks correspond to the food the birds eat. Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Darwin’s Hypothesis Organisms had a common ancestor but had adapted to their particular environments and changed over time. Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition What is an ancestor? Evolution is due to a process called natural selection. Published his theory in On the Origin of Species in November, 1859 Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Natural Selection Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Organisms best adapted to their environment have a better probability (chance) of surviving and reproducing. Organisms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce. This can cause evolution. Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Adaptation Vocabulary A trait or behavior that helps an organism survive in its environment. Adaptation What two traits do humans have that help us adapt? Thumbs Language Skills Common Ancestry Evolution Natural Selection Overproduction Competition Variations Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Example of Adaptation How are cactuses different from most other plants? Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Natural selection leads to evolution! Here’s how... Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Overproduction Competition Variations Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Overproduction Too many offspring are produced. Competition Offspring compete for resources such as food, water, mates, and living space. Variations Differences in individuals of the same species. They are passed on through reproduction. Important! Variations can make some individuals more adapted to their environment than others. These individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce. Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils OVERPRODUCTION COMPETITION 1. 2. 3. 4. NATURAL SELECTION (best adapted are able to survive and reproduce) VARIATIONS EVOLUTION _____________________________________________ Evidence of Evolution Vocabulary Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Embryo Development Fossils Adaptation Evolution Natural Selection Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Common Ancestry Vocabulary If two species evolved from a common ancestor, then they should share some common traits with each other. Adaptation Hawaiian Honeycreeper: Common Ancestry Family of birds in Hawaii. They have similar skeletons but each species has a different beak for eating specific foods. Just like the finches Darwin observed! Homologous Structures Evolution Natural Selection Overproduction Competition Variations Vestigial Organs Fossils Homologous Structures Structures that are similar in two different species. Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction They suggest that the organisms evolved from a common ancestor. What do you notice about these 6 structures? Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Vestigial Organs Vocabulary Body organs that do not serve a purpose. Adaptation Evolution Natural Selection Overproduction Competition They may have served a purpose to the ancestors of a species. Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Examples of Vestigial Organs Vocabulary Kiwi, a flightless bird, has wings that serve no known purpose. Overproduction Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Competition Variations Common Ancestry Humans have a tailbone. Some scientists suggest that early humans had tails like some other mammals. Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Embryo Development What do you notice about these embryos? List two observations. Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Fossils Remains of organisms preserved in rock. Vocabulary Evolution Natural Selection Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Common Ancestry They give us clues about what organisms looked like in the past, and allow us to show how a species may have evolved. Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils ONE LAST THING! Vocabulary Darwin said that variation in organisms was a factor of natural selection. But he could not explain what caused variation! Adaptation Evolution Natural Selection Overproduction Competition What is DNA? Variations Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils DNA is what it’s all about! Vocabulary We now know about DNA, the code which determines an organism’s genes. Natural Selection Mutations in the code (DNA) lead to variation. Evolution Adaptation Overproduction Competition Variations Mutations are changes in DNA that can be passed on to offspring. DNA from different species can be analyzed to see how related they are. Common Ancestry Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Fossils Combining Evidence: What does it mean to evolve? What causes evolution? What evidence do we have for evolution?