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Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 1
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 2
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Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 3
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10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 4
•They repeat the same pattern at regular intervals.
•They occur naturally and change regularly over time.
•No two adjacent points on a graph have the same value.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 5
•They repeat the same pattern at regular intervals.
•They repeat the flat pattern on both the top and bottom of the wave.
•They do not continuously vary with time.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 6
1.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 7
•Three main numbering schemes
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 8
The Power budget or Link budget
(Watts,Volts,dB)
Power Formula used for gain or loss
•light waves on optical fiber
•radio waves in the air
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 9
1.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 10
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 11
Analyzing signals using an oscilloscope is called time-domain analysis, because
the x-axis or domain of the mathematical function represents time.
More than one vertical input
can show more than one wave
simultaneously.
In frequency-domain analysis, the x-axis represents frequency. An electronic
device called a spectrum analyzer creates graphs for frequency-domain analysis.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 12
•Nearby cables which carry data signals (crosstalk)
•Radio frequency interference (RFI), which is noise from other signals being
transmitted nearby
•Electromagnetic interference (EMI), which is noise from nearby sources such
as motors and neon lights
•Laser noise at the transmitter or receiver of an optical signal (Not affected
by electrical noise.)
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 13
Noise is added to the data signal.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 14
1.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 15
Examples of analog bandwidth values are 3 kHz for telephony, 20 kHz for audible
signals, 5 kHz for AM radio stations, and 200 MHz for FM radio stations.
•Analog bandwidth refers to frequency range in Hz (cycles per second).
•Digital bandwidth measures speed of the transmission in bits per second.
Digital bandwidth measures how much information can flow
from one place to another in a given amount of time.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 17
•braided conductive
•foil-screened
(good shielding )
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 18
•protect one pair of wires within the cable from noise generated by
electrical signals on another pair of wires
•protect the data signal from external sources of noise
•eliminate signal loss by keeping the transmitted signal confined to
the cable
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 19
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 20
•light/no light
•increasing/decreasing light intensity
•Low attenuation
•No electrical interference
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 21
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 22
Factors that contribute to attenuation in copper media
•long cable lengths
•defective connectors
•energy leaks through the insulation of the cable
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 23
•The resistance of the copper cable converts some of
the electrical energy of the signal to heat.
•Signal energy is also lost when it leaks through the
insulation of the cable and by
•Impedance caused by defective connectors.
•Impedance is a measurement of the resistance of
the cable to alternating current (AC) and is
measured in ohms.
•The normal, or characteristic, impedance of a Cat5
cable is 100 ohms.
•If a connector is improperly installed on Cat5, it will
have a different impedance value than the cable.
•This is called an impedance discontinuity or an
impedance mismatch.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 24
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 26
•Crosstalk (xtalk) is another form of noise
Fiber has no Crosstalk (Xtalk)
•no electrical signals
•no generation of electromagnetic waves
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 27
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 28
•CAT 5e & 6c
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 29
Equal Level Far End Cross Talk (ELFEXT)
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 30
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 31
open
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
short
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 32
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 33
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 34
Cable testing standards
•Wire map
•Insertion loss
•Near-end crosstalk (NEXT)
•Power sum near-end crosstalk (PSNEXT)
•Equal-level far-end crosstalk (ELFEXT)
•Power sum equal-level far-end crosstalk (PSELFEXT)
•Return loss
•Propagation delay
•Cable length
•Delay skew
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 35
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 36
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 37
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Differentiate between sine waves and square waves.
Define and calculate exponents and logarithms.
Define and calculate decibels.
Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and
noise.
Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog
bandwidth.
Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of
cabling.
Define and describe the affects of attenuation and
impedance mismatch.
Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk,
and power sum near-end crosstalk.
Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce
noise.
Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA568-B.
Describe the difference between Category 5 and
Category 6 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 38
A pulse is a deliberate, fixed disturbances of predictable
duration used to…
•Measure propagation delay (delay skew) to determine
the value of the data being transmitted
•Find discontinuities (reflections, jitter)
•Measure transmission length
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 39
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 40
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 41
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 42
1.
Waves are energy traveling from one place to another, and are created by
disturbances. All waves have similar attributes such as amplitude, period,
and frequency.
2.
Sine waves are periodic, continuously varying functions. Analog signals look
like sine waves.
3.
Square waves are periodic functions whose values remain constant for a
period of time and then change abruptly. Digital signals look like square
waves.
4.
Exponents are used to represent very large or very small numbers. The
base of a number raised to a positive exponent is equal to the base
multiplied by itself exponent times. For example, 103 = 10x10x10 = 1000.
5.
Logarithms are similar to exponents. A logarithm to the base of 10 of a
number equals the exponent to which 10 would have to be raised in order to
equal the number. For example, log10 1000 = 3 because 103 = 1000.
6.
Decibels are measurements of a gain or loss in the power of a signal.
Negative values represent losses and positive values represent gains.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 43
7.
Time-domain analysis is the graphing of voltage or current with respect to
time using an oscilloscope. Frequency-domain analysis is the graphing of
voltage or power with respect to frequency using a spectrum analyzer.
8.
Undesirable signals in a communications system are called noise. Noise
originates from other cables, RFI, and EMI. White noise affects all
frequencies, while narrowband interference affects only a certain subset
of frequencies.
9.
Analog bandwidth is the frequency range that is associated with certain
analog transmission, such as television or FM radio.
10. Digital bandwidth measures how much information can flow from one place
to another in a given amount of time. Its units are in various multiples of
bits per second.
11. Most LAN problems occur at the physical layer. The only way to prevent or
troubleshoot many of these problems is through the use of cable testers.
12. Proper cable installation according to standards increases LAN reliability
and performance.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 44
13. Copper media is available in shielded and unshielded forms. Unshielded
cable is more susceptible to noise.
14. Signal degradation is due to various factors such as noise, attenuation,
impedance mismatch, and several types of crosstalk. These factors cause
decreased network performance.
15. The TIA/EIA-568-B standard specifies ten tests that a copper cable
must pass if it will be used for modern, high-speed Ethernet LANs.
16. Optical fiber must also be tested according to networking standards.
17. Category 6 cable must meet more rigorous frequency testing standards
than Category 5 cable.
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 45
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 46
END
Sep-03 ©Cisco Systems
CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus – Clark slide 47