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Physical Science Chapter 16 Grade 5 Chapter 16- Energy and Waves Lesson 1- Kinetic and Potential Energy ►Forms of Energy Energy is the ability to do work ► Measured in Joules Energy comes in different forms such as: Thermal, chemical, electromagnetic, electrical and mechanical ► ► Thermal Energy- is the motion of the particles in matter, felt as heat ► Electromagnetic energy is visible light, microwaves, radio waves and X-rays ► Chemical Energy- can be released during a chemical reaction, like burning coal, or a battery in a toy car. ► Electricity – movement of charges particles. Powers almost everything in your house. ► Mechanical Energy- energy an object has because of its motion or position Wind, sound, or falling objects Answer this: ► If a Large Rock is on the edge of a cliff, what kind of energy does it have? Answer ► Potential Energy Mechanical Kinetic Energy ► Kinetic Energy- energy of movement. ► Any moving object has kinetic energy A bowling ball rolling down an alley Falling rock Vibrating object Potential Energy ► The energy an object has stored is Potential energy. Rock on a ledge Compressed spring Rubber band being held ► When work is done, energy transfers from one form to another ► Example: An archer pulls back the bow and arrow. The bent bow has stored POTENTIAL energy. When it is released, the energy is changed to Kinetic, mechanical energy. Calculating Mechanical Energy ► When an object with Potential energy starts to move, some of that energy is changed to Kinetic energy ► As the amount of Kinetic energy increases, Potential energy decreases ► Mechanical Energy- is the SUM of PE and KE In a falling object, PE and KE will change, but ME will stay the same. Lesson 2- How Are Sounds Made Sound Production ► ► A mechanical wave forms when energy moves through a medium or matter. Transverse Waves move perpendicular to the direction of the wave Waves in a jump rope ► Longitudinal Waves move parallel to the direction of the wave A slinky moving back and forth, Where particles come together they form compressions Waves ► Waves are measured by two things: ► Amplitude- how high a wave is from crest to trough, (top to bottom) ► Wavelength- the distance between two waves ► Scientists also measure frequency, or how many waves pass per second Shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies Longer wavelengths have lower frenquencies Sound Waves ► Sound waves are produced through vibrations The energy of the vibrations travels through the medium as a longitudinal wave. ► Waves travel at different speeds through different materials. Metals vibrate more easily than rubber. Ex: Tuning forks Sound waves move faster through solids and liquids than through gases Pitch ► The properties of sound depend on the vibrations produced ► Pitch is how high or low you perceive an object to be Depends on the wave’s frequency Higher frequency, higher pitch (whistle) Lower frequency, lower pitch (tuba) Volume ► Volume- strength of a vibration causing a sound to be loud or soft ► Sound is measured in decibels Acoustics ► Sound waves can behave differently when they hit different materials ► Acoustics is the study of how materials affect sound waves A sound wave will reflect off hard surfaces ► Grand Canyon echoes Sound waves are absorbed by most soft or porous surfaces ► Cotton rooms and other materials in recording Lesson 3- Properties of Light Electromagnetic Waves ► Light Waves are electromagnetic waves Can travel through a medium or vacuum Examples include: x-rays, gamma rays, UV rays, visible light ► Different EM waves have different frequencies and wavelengths ► Visible light is seen by humans Consists of seven different colors ► Some waves can be harmful to living things ► EM waves interact differently with different materials Some materials will reflect certain wavelengths of color, and absorb others. Example: Apple reflects red and absorbs other colors Reflection and Refraction ► Light can be absorbed, reflected or refracted as it hits an object ► Reflection occurs when a wave bounced off a material Ex: looking in a mirror ► Refraction- when the path of light changes from one material to the next Ex: a pencil looking “broken” in a glass of water A convex lens beds light rays toward one another. ► A concave lens bends light rays away from one another. ► People with glasses use different lenses to refocus light and images onto the retina ► Fiber Optics ► Fiber optics use total internal reflection Has helped to improve communication systems and medical procedures Optical fibers can transmit light over long distances