Download A Project Report on- *OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE*

A Vocational Training from-
A Project Report on“OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE”
What is an ‘optical fibre’?
• An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very
pure glass (silica) not much wider than a human hair that acts
as "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the
fiber
• Optical fiber typically consists of a transparent core
surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower
index of refraction.
Working Principle of an ‘Optical Fibre’
1. An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide
(nonconducting waveguide) that transmits light along
its axis, by the process of total internal reflection.
2. The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a
cladding layer, both of which are made of
dielectric materials.
3. To confine the optical signal in the core, the
refractive index of the core must be greater
than that of the cladding.
Optical Fibre can be classified on the
following heads1.
2.
3.
4.
On the basis of “mode of operation”
On the basis of “design of cable”
On the basis of “index of the cable”
On the basis of “structure”
Types of fiber optic cable of index
STEP-INDEX
The light rays to travel at many different
angles within the Multi Mode Step
Index fiber, The light rays follow straight
lines within the single mode step index
fiber
Types of ‘Optical Fibre’
• There are two basic types of fiber:
1.Multi Mode Optical Fiber:
• Used to transmit many signals per fiber (Multi
Mode generally are used for in computer
networks, lan applications)
• Multi Mode Optical Fiber produce as 50 / 125 and
62.5 / 125 ( Core / Cladding diameter Microns)
2.Single Mode Optical Fiber:
• Used to transmit one signal per fiber (Single
Mode generally are used for in telephones and
cable tv applications)
• Single Mode Optical Fiber produce as 8 / 125
and 9 / 125 ( Core / Cladding diameter
Microns)
Types of fiber optic cable of Design
Two basic cable designs are:
1.Loose-Tube Fiber ( indoor / Outdoor
Loose-Tube) :
fiber optic cable filled with a water
blocking gel. Loose-tube cables generally
are used for outside-plant installation in
aerial, duct and direct-buried
applications.
2.Tight-Buffered Fiber ( indoor /
Outdoor Tight Buffer) :
fiber optic cable is tightly buffered by a
protective thermoplastic coating. Multifiber, tight-buffered cables generally are
used for intra-building, risers, general
building and plenum applications.
GRADED-INDEX
The light rays no longer follow straight
lines. The light rays follow like sinus
signal
Other types of Optical Fibre Cable•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Types of fiber optic cable of structures
Three types of material make up fiber-optic cables
Glass Optical Fiber:
Glass fiber-optic cable has a Glass core and cladding. Glass fiberoptic cable the Fastest and the most expensive.
Plastic Optical Fiber (POF):
Plastic fiber-optic cable has a plastic core and cladding. Plastic fiberoptic cable is cheapest and slowest. It is suitable for short distance.
Plastic Coated Silica Cable:
(PCS). PCS fiber-optic cable has a Glass core and Plastic cladding.
PCS fiber-optic cable cheaper than Glass optical fiber and slower
than Glass optical fiber.
Color Codes in an Optical Fibre
• Patch cords
• The buffer or jacket on patch cords is often
color-coded to indicate the type of fiber used.
The strain relief "boot" that protects the fiber
from bending at a connector is color-coded to
indicate the type of connection. Connectors
with a plastic shell typically use a color-coded
shell.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Buffer/jacket color
Meaning
Yellow
single-mode optical fiber
Orange
multi-mode optical fiber
Aqua
10 gig laser-optimized 50/125 micrometer multi-mode optical fiber
Grey
outdated color code for multi-mode optical fiber
Blue
Sometimes used to designate polarization-maintaining optical fiber
Connector Boot
Meaning
Comment
Blue
Physical Contact (PC), 0°
mostly used for single mode fibers; some manufacturers use this for polarization-maintaining optical fiber.
Green
Angle Polished (APC), 8°
not available for multimode fibers
Black
Physical Contact (PC), 0°
Grey,
Beige
Physical Contact (PC), 0°
multimode fiber connectors
Some Parameters should be considered
while operating an optical fibre cable,they
are•
Optical cables sends data at 182,000 km/s, resulting in 5.5 ms of latency for
each 1000 km. Thus the round-trip delay time is around 11 ms.
•
Because the infrared light used in communications can not be seen, there is a
potential laser safety hazard to technicians. In some cases the power levels are
high enough to damage eyes, particularly when lenses or microscopes are used to
inspect fibers which are inadvertently emitting invisible IR. Inspection microscopes
with optical safety filters are available to guard against this.
•
Typical modern Multimode Graded-Index fibers have 3 dB/km of attenuation
loss at 850 nm and 1 dB/km at 1300 nm. 9/125 Singlemode loses 0.4/0.25
dB/km at 1310/1550 nm. POF (plastic optical fiber) loses much more: 1 dB/m
at 650 nm. Plastic Optical Fiber is large core (about 1mm) fiber suitable only
for short, low speed networks such as within cars.
Applications Of FIBRE OPTIC Cables•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fiber optic cables find many uses in a wide variety of industries and applications.
Some uses of fiber optic cables include:
Medical
Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries
Defense/Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic and SONAR uses, as wiring in aircraft, submarines
and other vehicles and also for field networking
Data Storage
Used for data transmission
Telecommunications
Fiber is laid and used for transmitting and receiving purposes
Networking
Used to connect users and servers in a variety of network settings and help
increase the speed and accuracy of data transmission
Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring where EMI is an issue, as
sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements, and as
wiring in automobiles and in industrial settings
This Project is prepared under the
Guidance of1.Mr. Lalit Verma
2.Mr. Mohd. Aslam
This Presentation is prepared by•
•
•
•
•
Ankita Pandey (Group Leader)
Ajay Kumar
Rishabh Shukla
Shikher S George
Siddharth Goverdhan