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CYCLING & RECYCLING OF MATTER 2.1 The Water Cycle – Key Terms Condensation: the collecting of water molecules from the vapour state to form the liquid state. Also, the formation of clouds Precipitation: any form of moisture condensing in the air and depositing on the ground. Ex: rain, snow, hail, fog, etc… Capillarity: the ability of water to move into small root capillaries of plants. Percolation: the process of water seeping through cracks and pores in rocks and soil. Groundwater: a layer of water in the ground formed through percolation. Surface runoff: when water does not percolate, but rather it runs over the surface of the soil. Evaporation: molecules leaving the liquid sate and entering the vapour or gaseous state (happens from land and water). Horizontal movement: the movement of a weather system into an area. Transpiration: the loss of water vapour from plants. FYI Life has 5 major requirements Energy, Water, Inorganic Carbon, Oxygen, & Nutrients Oxygen and nutrients are generally combined with carbon and oxygen. We call these mixtures “organic compounds”. When we study carbon based compounds we are studying organic chemistry. Why is this important? FYI Organic compounds form covalent bonds (the result of sharing electrons) and it is the “cycling” of these organic compounds that allows these bonds to be broken which releases energy and smaller compounds. At the same time new bonds are built up during synthesis reactions. Again why do we care about the cycling of carbon compounds?? The Importance of Cycling Because our biosphere contains a limited (or finite) number of atoms, and new compounds can only be formed from those atoms that are released during cycling. It is essential that matter be recycled to help balance our biosphere and maintain life on earth. The cycling of organic compounds happens in 2 ways Eating and digestion Decay and decomposition Important elements and compounds C – carbon is a component of organic molecules of which all organisms are composed CO2 – carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis which is needed to begin the food chains and food webs O2 – oxygen (gas) is necessary for most living things Important elements and compounds H2O – water is necessary for all organisms C6H12O6 – sugar (glucose) is a form of food storage in plants and a source of energy of organisms N – nitrogen is a component of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA; Chromosomes) N2 gaseous nitrogen is the most abundant gas found in the air NO3 – nitrate is a useable form of nitrogen; often formed by bacteria in the soil and on roots P – phosphorous is found in energy storage called ATP; also found in nucleic acids PO4 phosphate is a common form of phosphorous found in rocks, soil, limestone etc… Homework NOW! Page 51: 1, 2, 4, 5