Download Periodic table of elements

Atoms, Elements and the
periodic table
Matter

All matter is composed of atoms and groups
of atoms bonded together, called molecules.
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Substances that are made from one type of
atom only are called pure substances.
Substances that are made from more than one
type of atom bonded together are called
compounds.
Compounds that are combined physically, but
not chemically, are called mixtures.
Creation of a pamphlet about the
models of atomic structure
 John Dalton
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JJ Thomson
Ernest Rutherford
Neils Bohr
In each section you must
include:

Their theory about
atomic structure

The technology they
used to support their
idea

A diagram of the model

The reason for the
downfall of their theory
Atomic structure of an atomwhat we know now…
Nucleus Proton
Neutron Electron
n
o
o
What is an atom?
The smallest part
of an atom.
Made up of a
nucleus surrounded
by electrons.
What is the nucleus?
o
The core part of the
atom.
o
Made up of protons
and neutrons.
o
99.99% of the mass
of the atom.
What is a proton?
o
A positively
charged particle.
o
Found in the
nucleus.
What is a neutron?
o
A neutral particle(no
charge)
o
Found in the nucleus.
What is an electron?
o
A negatively
charged particle.
o
Found in orbit
around the
nucleus.
chlorine
nitrogen
gold
silver
oxygen
mercury
hydrogen
helium
sodium
niobium
neodymium
carbon
Elements
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Science has come
along way since
Aristotle’s theory of
Air, Water, Fire, and
Earth.
Scientists have
identified 90 naturally
occurring elements,
and created about 28
others.
Elements

The elements,
alone or in
combinations,
make up our
bodies, our world,
our sun, and in
fact, the entire
universe.
The most abundant element in the
earth’s crust is oxygen.
Periodic Table

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The periodic table organizes the elements in a
particular way. A great deal of information about an
element can be gathered from its position in the
period table.
For example, you can predict with reasonably good
accuracy the physical and chemical properties of
the element. You can also predict what other
elements a particular element will react with
chemically.
Understanding the organization and plan of the
periodic table will help you obtain basic information
about each of the 118 known elements.
Why is the Periodic Table
important to me?
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The periodic table
is the most useful
tool to a chemist.
You get to use it on
every test.
It organizes lots of
information about
all the known
elements.
Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry …
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…was a mess!!!
No organization of
elements.
Imagine going to a
grocery store with no
organization!!
Difficult to find
information.
Chemistry didn’t
make sense.
Mendeleev
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In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch
Mendeléev created the first accepted
version of the periodic table.
He grouped elements according to
their atomic mass, and as he did, he
found that the families had similar
chemical properties.
Blank spaces were left open to add
the new elements he predicted
would occur.
Dmitri Mendeléev : Father of
the Table
SOME
PROBLEMS…

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He left blank spaces
for what he said were
undiscovered
elements. (Turned out
he was right!)
He broke the pattern of
increasing atomic
weight to keep similar
reacting elements
together.
The Current Periodic Table


Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.
Now the elements are put in rows by
ATOMIC
NUMBER!!
increasing
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The horizontal rows are called periods
and are labeled from 1 to 7.
The vertical columns are called groups
are labeled from 1 to 18.
Symbols
C
Cu

Carbon
Copper

All elements have
their own unique
symbol.
It can consist of a
single capital letter,
or a capital letter
and one or two
lower case letters.
Elements and Symbols
Scientists have
devised a ‘short
hand’ way of
naming elements
 these are called
chemical
symbols
 hydrogen = H
 carbon = C
 calcium = Ca
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Many symbols are the
first letter of the
element…carbon
others are the first two
letters, like calcium
others use two
prominent letters like
cadmium…Cd
still others use latin,
greek or other
language roots, like
Elements and Symbols
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Whatever the
reason for naming
an element, the
same rules apply
only one capital
letter
if the symbol is two
letters, it must be
one upper and one
lower case letter
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The newest of the
synthetic elements
have three letters,
Uub for example
eventually when
element 112 is
named it will be
given a two letter
symbol
Describe how to read the
periodic table:
Atomic Symbol:
The atomic symbol is one or two letters
chosen to represent an element ("H" for
"hydrogen," etc.).
These symbols are used every where in the
world
Usually, a symbol is the abbreviation of the
element or the abbreviated Latin name of
the element.
Compounds and formula
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Compounds also
have a short hand
way of naming
them
these are called
chemical formula
H2O is a familiar
example
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CO2 = carbon
dioxide
C6H12O6 = glucose
H2O2 = hydrogen
peroxide
CuSO4 = copper
sulfate
Chemical formula
Like symbols, formula
have certain rules
for their use.
 They always
contain the
elements found in
the compounds
 they always show
the relative number
of atoms of each
element
For example:
 H2O tells us many
things about
water…
 the fact that it is
made up of
hydrogen and
Oxygen
 the fact that there
are 2x as many
hydrogen atoms as
oxygen atoms
Key to the Periodic Table

Elements are organized on
the table according to their
atomic number, usually
found near the top of the
square.

The atomic number
refers to how many
protons an atom of that
element has.

For instance, hydrogen
has 1 proton, so it’s
atomic number is 1.

The atomic number is
unique to that element.
No two elements have
the same atomic
number.
Common Elements and
Symbols
What’s in a square?

Different periodic
tables can include
various bits of
information, but
usually:
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atomic number
symbol
atomic mass
number of valence
electrons
state of matter at room
temperature.
Describe the Periodic Table
Properties of Metals
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Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
Metals are shiny.
Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
Metals are malleable (can
be pounded into thin
sheets).
A chemical property of
metal is its reaction with
water which results in
corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals
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Sulfur
Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat and
electricity.
Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
Solid non-metals are
brittle and break
easily.
They are dull.
Many non-metals are
gases.
Properties of Metalloids
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Silicon
Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
They are solids that can
be shiny or dull.
They conduct heat and
electricity better than nonmetals but not as well as
metals.
They are ductile and
malleable.
Groups…Here’s Where the
Periodic Table Gets Useful!!
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Elements in the
same group
have similar
chemical and
physical
properties!!
(Mendeleev did that on
purpose.)
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•
•
Why??
They have the same
number of valence
electrons.
They will form the same
kinds of ions.
Families on the Periodic Table
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Columns are also
grouped into families.
Families may be one
column, or several
columns put together.
Families have names
rather than numbers.
(Just like your family
has a common last
name.)
Families on the Periodic Table
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Elements on the periodic table can be
grouped into families bases on their
chemical properties.
Each family has a specific name to
differentiate it from the other families in
the periodic table.
Elements in each family
react differently with
other elements.
Hydrogen
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Hydrogen belongs to a
family of its own.
Hydrogen is a
diatomic, reactive gas.
Hydrogen was involved
in the explosion of the
Hindenberg.
Hydrogen is promising
as an alternative fuel
source for automobiles
Hydrogen
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The hydrogen square sits atop Family
AI, but it is not a member of that family.
Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
It’s a gas at room temperature.
It has one proton and one electron in its
one and only energy level.
Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill
up its valence shell.
ALKALI METALS
Group 1
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The alkali family is found in the first
column of the periodic table.
Hydrogen is not a member, it is a
non-metal
1 electron in the outer shell
Soft and silvery metals
Very reactive, esp. with water
Conduct electricity
Soft enough to cut with a butter knife
Alkali Metals
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The alkali family is found in
the first column of the
periodic table.
Atoms of the alkali metals
have a single electron in
their outermost level, in
other words, 1 valence
electron.
They are shiny, have the
consistency of clay, and are
easily cut with a knife.
Alkali Metals
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They are the most
reactive metals.
They react violently
with water.
Alkali metals are
never found as free
elements in nature.
They are always
bonded with
another element.
What does it mean to be
reactive?
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We will be describing elements according to their
reactivity.
Elements that are reactive bond easily with other
elements to make compounds.
Some elements are only found in nature bonded
with other elements.
What makes an element reactive?

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An incomplete valence electron level.
All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in
their very outermost energy level (This is called the rule of
octet.)
Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few
valence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6,
7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.
5
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Group 2
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2 electrons in the
outer shell
White and
malleable
Reactive, but less
than Alkali metals
Conduct electricity
Several of these
elements are
important mineral
nutrients (such as
Mg and Ca
TRANSITION METALS
Groups in the middle
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Good conductors of
heat and electricity.
Some are used for
jewelry.
The transition metals
are able to put up to
32 electrons in their
second to last shell.
Can bond with many
elements in a variety
of shapes.
Transition Metals
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Elements in groups
3-12
Less reactive
harder metals
Includes metals
used in jewelry and
construction.
Metals used “as
metal.”
Transition Metals
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Transition Elements
include those elements
in the B families.
These are the metals
you are probably most
familiar: copper, tin,
zinc, iron, nickel, gold,
and silver.
They are good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
Transition Metals
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The compounds of transition metals are usually
brightly colored and are often used to color paints.
Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons,
which they lose when they form bonds with other
atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons
in their next-to-outermost level.
Transition Elements
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Transition elements have properties
similar to one another and to other
metals, but their properties do not fit in
with those of any other family.
Many transition metals combine
chemically with oxygen to form
compounds called oxides.
BORON FAMILY
Group 3
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3 electrons in the
outer shell
Most are metals
Boron is a
metalloid
Elements in group
13
Aluminum metal
was once rare and
expensive, not a
“disposable metal”.
Boron Family
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The Boron Family is
named after the first
element in the family.
Atoms in this family have 3
valence electrons.
This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and the
rest are metals.
This family includes the
most abundant metal in the
earth’s crust (aluminum).
Oxygen Family
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Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
Most elements in this family
share electrons when
forming compounds.
Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earth’s crust. It is extremely
active and combines with
almost all elements.
CARBON FAMILY
Group 4
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4 electrons in
the outer shell
Contains
metals,
metalloids, and
a non-metal
Carbon (C)
Carbon Family
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Atoms of this family have
4 valence electrons.
This family includes a
non-metal (carbon),
metalloids, and metals.
The element carbon is
called the “basis of life.”
There is an entire branch
of chemistry devoted to
carbon compounds called
organic chemistry.
Carbon Family
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Elements in group 14
Contains elements
important to life and
computers.
Carbon is the basis for
an entire branch of
chemistry.
Silicon and Germanium
are important
semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
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Elements in group
15
Nitrogen makes up
over ¾ of the
atmosphere.
Nitrogen and
phosphorus are
both important in
living things.
Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not
available to living
things.
NITROGEN FAMILY
Group 5
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5 electrons in the
outer shell
Can share
electrons to form
compounds
Contains metals,
metalloids, and
non-metals
Nitrogen Family
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The nitrogen family is named
after the element that makes
up 78% of our atmosphere.
This family includes nonmetals, metalloids, and
metals.
Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons.
They tend to share electrons
when they bond.
Other elements in this family
are phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth.
OXYGEN FAMILY
Group 6
 6 electrons in
the outer shell
 Contains
metals,
metalloids,
and nonmetals
 Reactive
Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
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Elements in group
16
Oxygen is
necessary for
respiration.
Many things that
stink, contain sulfur
(rotten eggs, garlic,
skunks,etc.)
Halogen Family
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The elements in this
family are fluorine,
chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and astatine.
Halogens have 7
valence electrons, which
explains why they are
the most active nonmetals. They are never
found free in nature.
Halogen atoms only need
to gain 1 electron to fill their
outermost energy level.
They react with alkali
metals to form salts.
Halogens
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Elements in group 17
Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
Always found
combined with other
element in nature .
Used as disinfectants
and to strengthen
teeth.
Rare Earth Elements
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The thirty rare earth
elements are composed
of the lanthanide and
actinide series.
One element of the
lanthanide series and
most of the elements in
the actinide series are
called trans-uranium,
which means synthetic or
man-made.
Noble Gases
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Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely unreactive.
One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity.
They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
Because they do not readily combine with other elements to
form compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon, and radon.
All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's
atmosphere.
The Noble Gases
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Elements in group 18
VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
Used in lighted “neon”
signs
Used in blimps to fix
the Hindenberg
problem.
Have a full valence
shell.
The Noble Gases
Also
known as
rare gases or
inert gases
Rare Earth Metals
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
Some are
Radioactive
The rare
earths are
silver,
silverywhite, or
gray
metals.
Conduct
electricity
Atomic Number


This refers to how
many protons an
atom of that
element has.
No two elements,
have the same
number of protons.
Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom
Wave Model
Atomic Mass
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
Atomic Mass refers
to the “weight” of
the atom.
It is derived at by
adding the number
of protons with the
number of
neutrons.
This is a helium atom. Its atomic mass is 4
H(protons plus neutrons).
What is its atomic number?
Families
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Columns of elements are
called groups or families.
Elements in each family
have similar but not
identical properties.
For example, lithium (Li),
sodium (Na), potassium
(K), and other members of
family IA are all soft,
white, shiny metals.
All elements in a family
have the same number of
valence electrons.
Periods
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Each horizontal row of
elements is called a
period.
The elements in a period
are not alike in properties.
In fact, the properties
change greatly across
even given row.
The first element in a
period is always an
extremely active solid. The
last element in a period, is
always an inactive gas.
Name that family!
Describe how to read the
periodic table:

Every table has:
Describe how to read the
periodic table:
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an atom
identifies the element.
The number of protons in an atom is
referred to as the atomic number of
that element.
Atomic Mass and Isotopes
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While most atoms
have the same number
of protons and
neutrons, some don’t.
Some atoms have
more or less neutrons
than protons. These
are called isotopes.
An atomic mass
number with a decimal
is the total of the
number of protons plus
the average number of
neutrons.
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)


The unit of
measurement for
an atom is an
AMU. It stands for
atomic mass unit.
One AMU is equal
to the mass of one
proton.
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)


There are
6 X 1023 or
600,000,000,000,000,
000,000,000 amus in
one gram.
(Remember that
electrons are 2000
times smaller than
one amu).
Describe how to read the
periodic table:
Atomic Mass:
The atomic mass is the average mass
of an element in atomic mass units
("amu").
Though individual atoms always have a
whole number of amus, the atomic
mass on the periodic table is shown as
a decimal number because it is an
average of all the isotopes of an
element.
Valence Electrons
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The number of valence
electrons an atom has
may also appear in a
square.
Valence electrons are the
electrons in the outer
energy level of an atom.
These are the electrons
that are transferred or
shared when atoms bond
together.
Elements, Compounds,
Mixtures
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Sodium is an element.
Chlorine is an
element.
When sodium and
chlorine bond they
make the compound
sodium chloride,
commonly known as
table salt.
Compounds have different properties
than the elements that make them up.
Table salt has different properties than
sodium, an explosive metal, and chlorine,
a poisonous gas.
Elements, Compounds,
Mixtures
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Hydrogen is an element.
Oxygen is an element.
When hydrogen and
oxygen bond they make
the compound water.
When salt and water are
combined, a mixture is
created. Compounds in
mixtures retain their
individual properties.
The ocean is a
mixture.
Elements, compounds, and
mixtures
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Mixtures can be separated by physical
means.
Compounds can only be separated by
chemical means.
Elements are pure substances. When the
subatomic particles of an element are
separated from its atom, it no longer retains
the properties of that element.