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Download Overview of Roman History 1200 B.C. Trojan War, Aeneas flees
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Overview of Roman History 1200 B.C. Trojan War, Aeneas flees Troy with father Anchises, son Ascanius, Lares, Penates, and Palladium Dido in Carthage 753 B.C. Rome founded by Romulus and Remus Romulus kills Remus fasces pomerium Rape of the Sabines Numa Pompilius pax deorum Tullus Hostilius Mettius Fufetius, Horatii and Curiatii meddix Tarquinius Priscus Tanaquil Servius Tullius plebs, equites; patricii, nobiles Tarquinius Superbus tyrant 509 B.C. Brutus leads revolution against Tarquinius Superbus; monarchy comes to end and res publica is born. Lucretia consul (2) praetor dictator magister equitum censor tribunes aediles quaestor cursus honorum 1 flamines, Vestal Virgins, augurs, pontifices, Pontifex Maximus Senate decreta consulta auctoritas mos maiorum comitia centuriata elected consuls and praetors and installed dictators and approved laws concilium plebis 451 B.C. Twelve Tables Cincinnatus Coriolanus Sack of Veii; Camillus 390/387 B.C. Gauls sack Rome Torquatus 340-290 Romans defeat toughest opponents, Samnites; Latins incorporated into Roman polity as full citizens or half citizens Caudine Forks 275 Pyrrhus and Pyrrhic War (Pyrrhic Victory), Rome completes conquest of peninsula Fabricius and honesty and integrity 264-241 First Punic War; Rome gains Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia Regulus 219-204 Second Punic War (Carthaginian general was Hannibal); Rome emerges dominant in western Mediterranean, with involvement in eastern Mediterranean. Hannibal Cannae Q. Fabius Maximus “Cunctator” Scipio Africanus Zama 2nd c. B.C. Rome incorporates Greece, Asia Minor, Carthage and others into empire; 2 others become client-kingdoms Carthage destroyed, 146 B.C. Cato the Elder: Carthago delenda est! Later Roman moralists say Rome went into steep decline when it no longer had an enemy to worry about. 133-122 Tribunes Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempt land-reforms, show power of tribunes; die violent deaths; Optimates and populares. Scipio Nasica’s resort to violence against Ti. Gracchus ushered in one hundred years of civil strife, “a situation that was finally exorcised by Augustus. Augustan culture cannot be understood without this background.” (G. Karl Galinsky, Augustan Culture). Cf. also, “It was the self-interest of the senate and its neglect of the larger interests of the Republic that gave rise to the Gracchan unrest and undermined the senate’s own auctoritas: it became an auctoritas in form, but not in essence.” Earlier Galinsky had defined auctoritas as “material, intellectual, and moral superiority.” 107-100 Marius, novus homo; professional army. Wars against Germanic tribes Cimbri and Teutones. pater patriae 91-88 Social War: All free-born Italians get full Roman citizenship. 81-79 B.C. Sulla’s dictatorship: proscriptions; Sullan Constitution (Senate dominates, plebs has even less power) 73-71 Spartacus 70 Pompey and Crassus consuls for first time and repeal Sullan Constitution 68-63 Pompey at height of career, conquered pirates, Asia Minor and Holy Land, and sacks Jerusalem; called “Roman Alexander” 63 B.C. Catiline defeated by Cicero, novus homo: Catilinarian Orations 62 “First Triumvirate” formed: Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus 59 Caesar’s first consulship 58-49 Caesar in Gaul; conditions in Rome are chaotic. Pompey and Optimates want Caesar to be powerless upon returning to Rome; Caesar refuses to put head into the noose. alea iacta est, Rubicon 48 Caesar defeats Pompey and Optimates at Pharsalus (Pompey murdered in Egypt); Cato loses to Caesar at Thapsus and commits suicide); Caesar defeats sons of Pompey at Munda. 48-44 Caesar rules Rome; appointed dictator for life; assassinated, Ides of March 44 3 43 “Second Triumvirate” formed (Mark Antony, Lepidus, Octavian); new period of instability and civil war. 42 Battle of Philippi, 2nd Triumvirate forces defeat Brutus and Cassius; republic is pretty much dead. Decade of 30s: Antony leaves Italy to wage war on Parthia, but ends up partying with Cleopatra and alienating all his supporters back in Rome. Lepidus is put under house arrest for plotting to assassinate Octavian. Octavian transforms Italy and becomes symbol of good government, stability, and restoration of good old-fashioned ways. Through Maecenas gives patronage to writers, and Latin literature flourishes: Vergil, Horace, Propertius, Tibullus, Livy, Ovid, and more. The element of propaganda in their writings cannot be denied, although they wrote primarily for artistic purposes. Iuravit in mea verba tota Italia sponte suā, et me belli quo vici ad Actium ducem depoposcit; iuraverunt in eadem verba provinciae Galliae, Hispaniae, Africa, Sicilia, Sardinia. (Augustus, Res Gestae) 31 B. C. Actium: Octavian (with admiral Agrippa) defeat Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian (Augustus) has no more rivals for rule. He rules from 31 B.C.–A.D. 14. He created the “Principate” and Roman Empire. “The essence, then, of Augustus’s restoration of the res publica was not ‘the Augustan constitution’ but a summons to the old spirit and values of the res publica that made it a commonwealth.” (Galinsky). When Augustus returns r.p. to arbitrium of SPQR and is given honorary title Augustus (“solemn, venerable” from root which yielded verb augeo), Senate erects golden shield in new Curia Iulia with inscription: virtus, clementia, iustitia, pietas. Clupeus virtutis. The name Augustus The period of the next two centuries is the Pax Romana: Julio-Claudian Emperors: Tiberius (AD. 14-37); Gaius (37-41); Claudius (41-54); Nero (54-68); Year of Four Emperors; Flavian Emperors: Vespasian (69-79); Titus (79-81); Domitian (81-96). Period of “Five Good Emperors”: Nerva (96-98); Trajan (98-117—Empire reaches furthest extent); Hadrian (117-138); Antoninus Pius (138-161); Marcus Aurelius (161180) The early decades of the 3rd century are marked by instability and increasing problems with the Germans along the Rhine and Danube and with the Parthians (from modernday Iraq and Iran). The Empire is stabilized particularly under Diocletian. 4 Constantine (324-337) issues Edict of Milan (313), granting Christians freedom to worship; he makes Christianity official religion of Empire at Council of Niceae (325). Constantine moved the capital of Empire to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople. Theodosious bans pagan religions (391). Germans becoming more of an issue in West. Visigoths sack Rome, 410. Empire in West “falls” in 476. Empire in East, Byzantine, thrives for centuries; is sacked in 1453 by Ottoman Turks. 5