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the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place observations of weather over a long period of time •A thick blanket of gases surrounding the Earth •composed of AIR (a mixture of gases) Nitrogen (N) 78% Oxygen (O) 21% Also, H2O Vapor, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Argon (Ar) in small amounts the source of all clouds and precipitation The atmosphere rapidly thins as you travel away from Earth until there are too few gas molecules to detect. What are the layers of the atmosphere? • Troposphere:layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth- temperature decreases with an increase in altitude where weather happens • Stratosphere: second layer of the atmosphere- temperature remains constant to a height of about 20 kilometers where the ozone layer is where airplanes fly Mesosphere: third layer of the atmosphere- decreasing temperatures with height where meteors burn up Thermosphere: outmost layer of the atmosphere- increasing temperatures due to the absorption of very short-wave solar energy by oxygen where auroras happen Auroras/Northern Lights 3 oxygen atoms bonded together O is an atom of Oxygen (O) O2 is atmospheric Oxygen (O-O) O3 is ozone (O-O-O) •Absorbs 99% of harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun •ozone layer is about 10 to 20 km thick (found in the stratosphere) •thinning is the result of chloroflorocarbons (CFC’s) containing chlorine, fluorine, and carbon One chlorine atom can destroy 10,000 ozone molecules! This shows a hole in the ozone What is radiant energy? Almost all of the Earth’s energy comes from the sun and is called radiant energy •most reaches the atmosphere and is reflected back to space •Some is absorbed by the Earth and is spread throughout the atmosphere as: •Radiation: transfer of energy in form of waves Energy travels from the sun to the earth by means of electromagnetic waves. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy associated with it. This is demonstrated in the animation below. As the drill's revolutions per minute (RPMs) increase, the number of waves generated on the string increases, as does the oscillation rate. The same principle applies to electromagnetic waves from the sun, where shorter wavelength radiation has higher energy than longer wavelength radiation. What is conduction? direct transfer of energy from one substance to another What is convection? transfer of energy in a fluid •air is a fluid- hot air rises, cool air sinks As much energy leaves the Earth that comes in ---> Earth’s heat is balanced. What is the greenhouse effect? trapping of the sun’s energy by the Earth •caused by the burning of fossil fuels- coal, oil, and natural gas- adds CO2 into air •warming effect may melt glaciers and raise sea levels Hot air acts like a lid on the atmosphere During the heat of summer, a layer of hot air in which the temperature increases with height often forms high above the Earth. The layer of hot air prevents polluted air near the surface from mixing with cleaner air above it. To make matters worse, the heat helps trap pollution from automobile exhaust and factory emissions. Houston on a smoggy day (left) and a clear day (right). Greenhouse gases trap heat like a blanket, causing the Earth’s atmosphere to warm. Carbon dioxide (CO2) released from the burning of coal and other fossil fuels is the predominant greenhouse gas, although methane emissions from agriculture are estimated to be 21 times more effective at trapping heat than CO2. In North Carolina, CO2 emissions have grown steadily along with increases in energy consumption, with emissions of CO2 increasing by more than 30% since 1990. North Carolina’s residential energy consumption is expected to increase by about 50% by 2020. [Source: Understanding Climate Change for North Carolina] From website http://www.2think.org/keeling_curve.shtml What are pollutants? Air pollutants: airborne particles and gases that occur in concentrations large enough to endanger the environment •primary pollutants: emitted directly from an identifiable source transportation vehicles account for nearly half! •secondary pollutants: form in the atmosphere where reactions take place among primary pollutants and other substances Emissions from transportation vehicles account for nearly half the primary pollutants by weight. How environmentally safe is your car? Air Pollution from Coal-burning Power Plants Acid rain SO2 Visibility degradation Fine particulates NOX Ground level ozone Fine particle pollution Acid rain Visibility degradation What is the Clean Air Act? • Passed in 1970 and strengthened in 1990 • Gives the Environmental Protection Agency the authority to regulate automobile emissions • Eliminated lead gas Once a thick tongue of ice that poured into the Gletsch valley (inset), the Rhone Glacier has shrunk dramatically since 1850. In 2003, the Rhone Glacier and other Swiss glaciers retreated more than any other year since scientists began taking measurements in the 1800s. While the summer’s extreme temperatures caused the glaciers to thin more than usual, scientists say that the glaciers retreated in response to long-term warming. Vostok Ice Core Record - 4 Glacial Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . Source: Petit et al., 1999, Nature 399, p. 429-346. Burning Fossil Fuels Air Pollution Greenhouse Gas Emissions Climate Change Asthma Attacks Other Respiratory Illnesses Premature Death from Lung and Heart Diseases Heat-Related Deaths Infectious Diseases Injuries from Extreme Weather Events Allergies Potential Climate Change Impacts Health Impacts Weathe r-relate d Mortality Infectious Diseases Air Quality-Respiratory Illnesses Agriculture Impacts Climate Changes Temperature Precipitation Sea Level Rise Crop yields Irrigation dem ands Forest Impacts Change in fore st composition Shif t geographic ra ngeof forests Forest He alth and Productivity Water Resource Impacts Change s in water supply Water quality Increased competion for water Impacts on Coastal Areas Erosion of beac hes Inundate coastal lands Costs to de fend coa stal communities Species and Natural Areas Shif t in ecological zones Loss of habitat and species •average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in a particular substance •the more energy the molecules have, the hotter it feels the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in their temperatures What are isotherms? lines on a map that connect places that have the same temperature What is a thermometer? instrument that measures temperature •alcohol and mercury thermometers used (mercury more accurate) water freezes at: 0ºC or 32 ºF water boils at: 100ºC or 212ºF Why does temperature vary? Land and Water • Land heats more rapidly and to higher temperatures than water. Land also cools more rapidly and to lower temperatures than water. Mean Monthly Temperatures for Vancouver and Winnipeg Why Temperatures Vary Geographic • Position The geographic setting can greatly influence temperatures experienced at a specific location. Mean Monthly Temperatures for Eureka and New York City Mean Monthly Temperatures for Seattle and Spokane Why Temperatures Vary Altitude • The altitude can greatly influence temperatures experienced at a specific location. Mean Monthly Temperatures for Guayaquil and Quito