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Energy,
environment,
justice
Chris Greacen
Palang Thai
www.palangthai.org
Outline
• Problems
– Global warming (only part of the “energyenvironment crisis”)
• Causes
• Impacts
• Solutions?
– Saving energy
– Renewable energy
Getting hotter:1000 years of global temperature
Global temperature dramatically increases, especially during the last decade and scientists
predicts the future surface temperature to be …
ช่วงที่มีการ
สังเกตการณ์
Projections in
the next 100 years
During the last
100 years
ในรอบ 1,000 ปี ที่ผา่ นมา
Source: IPCC, 2001 See http://www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics/2001syr/small/05.24.jpg
Greenhouse effect –
how greenhouse gases
make the world hotter
How the world gets hotter
Rising CO2 – measured since 1958
Per Capita CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry, 1996
Thailand (1997):
0.77
Cumulative CO2 emissions 1900-1999
From fossil fuel combustion and land-use change
From WRI (Baumert and Kete 2002)
Per capita income (PPP) 1999
From WRI (Baumert and Kete 2002)
The Champagne Glass
UNDP, Human Development Report, 1998
Electricity use in Thailand in 2003
North
8.11%
South
7.84%
North East
8.92%
Central
(Bangkok)
75.14%
Source: Figure 19, Statistical Report Fiscal Year 2003 Power Forecast and Statistics Analysis Department System Control
and Operation Division. Report No. SOD-FSSR-0404-05
แม่ เมาะ 2,625 MW
เทินหินบุน 214 MW
สิ ริกิต์ิ 500 MW
ภูมิพล 736 MW
น้าพอง 710 MW
N
ลานกระบือ 169 MW
NE
เขาแหลม 300 MW
C
ศรีนครินทร์ 720 MW
TECO 700 MW
ปากมูล 136 MW
ลาตะคอง 500 MW
ห้ วยเฮาะ 133 MW
วังน้ อย 2,031 MW
EPEC 350 MW
บางปะกง 3,675 MW
บ่ อวิน 713 MW
ราชบุรี
3,645 MW
IPT
700 MW
ระยอง 1,232 MW
Metro
เขต กทม.
พระนครใต้ 2,288 MW
หนองจอก
366 MW
รัชชประภา 240 MW
S
ขนอม 824 MW
ระบบส่ง 230,000 โวลต์
ระบบส่ง 500,000 โวลต์
สุ ราษฎร์ 240 MW
โรงไฟฟ้าพลังความร้อน
โรงไฟฟ้าพลังน้ า
โรงไฟฟ้าพลังความร้อนร่ วม
บางลาง 72 MW
โรงไฟฟ้ากังหันแก็ส
Small residential customers use very little
100%
1%
0%
0%
7%
4%
3%
Agricutural Pumping
90%
80%
Government
19%
40%
70%
60%
Specific Business
Large General Service
50%
Medium General Service
22%
40%
73%
Small General Service
30%
10%
Residential (>150 unit/month)
20%
13%
10%
8%
0%
customers by category
electricity comsumption
Residential (<150 unit/month)
Some effects of climate change…
Snow on Mt. Kilmanjaro (Kenya) almost all melted within the past 7 years
1993
(2536)
2000
(2543)
Source: IUCN
Polar ice melting
Albedo Effect
กรีนแลนด์ บริเวณขัว้ โลกเหนื อ
Ice melting areas
Source of picture: bbc.co.uk
Source: Government of South Australia, 2005
See http://www.climatechange.sa.gov.au/greenhouse/greenhouse.htm
Impacts: flooding & sea-level rise
Impact on Bangladesh of sea rise of 1.5 meters
Source: UNEP/GRID
See http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/33.htm
Apart from CO2 reduction, adaptation is needed…
Impacts: extreme weather events
Economic impacts -- especially from extreme weather
“2005 Atlantic hurricane season has clearly been the most active season on record”
www.pewclimate.org/hurricanes.cfm#5
Impacts: in parts of
the world -- less
rain, less crops
Source: BBC UK, 2005; UNEP, 2006 See http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/32.htm
Climate change used to justify…
BIG DAMS
• Ecological/social damage from flooding
• Decimated fish stocks
• Especially impacts rural politically
disempowered
• (Often does cause climate change)
NUCLEAR
• Expensive
• Waste deadly for at least
250,000 years
• We can’t figure out how to
dispose of waste
• Unavoidable weapons
linkages
Global warming is only a tiny part of
the energy/ecology/society story…
• One large shopping mall (average consumption): 10
Megawatt
• Pak Mun Dam (average production): 40 Megawatt
– Fish stocks decimated
– 10 years of protest,
5000 villagers
– Communities
forcefully relocated
Are there alternatives? … yes…
• Save energy
• Use clean (renewable) energy
(Real) Buddhist values
• Moderation / simplicity
• Emphasis on “being” rather
than “having”
Energy waste in a typical pumping system
Cost of Energy (US cents/kWH)
Saving electricity is cheaper than
generating it
10.0
8.0
Demand Side Management (saving electricity)
6.0
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
Lowsulphur
coal w/o
FGD
Lowsulphur fuel
oil w/o
FGD
LNG
8.2
5.5
4.0
4.0
2.1
2.6
2.0
DSM
Hydro from
Gas
Lignite with
Laos
combined
FGD
cycle
Type of Power Plant
Source: The World Bank (1993)
Lowsulphur
coal with
FGD
Nuclear
GHGs emissions from
household and daily activities
ทีม่ า : Australian Greenhouse Office (2003)
See http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/gwci/index.html
ปลูกสร้างอาคารให้สอดคล้องกับทิศการรับความร้อน
ปลูกต้นไม้ให้ความร่มรื่น และช่วยลดอุณหภูมิ
South
ทีม่ า : Australian Greenhouse Office (2003)
California energy conservation programs
save $1000 per family/year
Total Electricity Use, per capita, 1960 - 2001
kWh
14,000
12,000
12,000
U.S.
10,000
8,000
KWh
8,000
7,000
6,000
California
4,000
2,000
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
0
Source: Presentation by Ministry of Energy at Energy Strategy Workshop chaired by Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. 28 August 2003
Very little electricity comes from
renewables…
0.6% from Renewable Energy
Hydro
Natural Gas
Oil
Diesel
Lignite
Imported Coal
Renewable Energy
Thai-Malay Tie Line
Source: EGAT PDP 2003
Old way
Power plant
New way
Power plant
Biomass
Wind power
Biomass
Customers
Energy efficient end-use
Solar
Reduces air and water pollution
Biogas from
Pig Farms
Produces fertilizer
Produces electricity
Biogas from Pig
Farms
Korat Waste to Energy - biogas
• Uses waste water from cassava to make methane
• Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of
electricity
• Earns high market returns
• Developer estimates 300 MW from waste water + 800 MW
from wet cake
Korat Waste to Energy - biogas
• 3 x 1 MW Jenbacher gas generators
Micro-hydroelectricity
Source: Inversin, A. R. (1986). Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook.
40 kW micro-hydro generator at Mae
Kam Pong
Replacing small diesel generators
with renewable energy
Kre Khi village micro-hydro
2003
Kre Khi village Microhydro
Estimated power: 500 Watts
Head: 8 meters
Flow: 20 liters/second
Total Installed cost: $2500
E Wi Jo village microhydro
Estimated power: 750 Watts
Head: 20 meters
Flow: 20 liters/second
Total installed cost: <$2000
3 kW Pump as Turbine
Community
micro-hydro
• Mae Kam Pong village,
Chiang Mai
• 40 kW
• Community cooperative
• Expected gross revenues:
$750/month
What to do?
• Get informed
• Get involved:
– Public hearings
– Help make alternatives
happen
– Save energy
Meeting to discuss village micro-hydro
renewable energy project in Mae Kam
Pong Village, Chiang Mai
Thank you!
For more information contact:
Tel. (+011) 662-674-2533
[email protected]
www.palangthai.org
Download presentation slides & documents at:
http://www.palangthai.org/docs/index
your ecological footprint
A. Transportation
1. How did you travel today?
•
•
•
•
•
I walked........................................0
I cycled........................................ 5
I took public transit ...................10
I carpooled ..................................15
I used a private vehicle ...............30
A. Water use
2. How much water did you use?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
I did not shower........................................................ 0
1-2min. shower .........................................................5
3-6min. shower ........................................................10
10min shower ...........................................................20
I bathed in a full tub ................................................20
I bathed in a half-ful tub......................................... 10
I reused someone else's bathwater .........................10
I left the water running when I brushed my teeth ..5
C. Clothing
3. I am wearing the same clothes today that I wore yesterday
• most ........................................................................0
• some........................................................................5
• none .......................................................................10
4. I am wearing the same clothes that I wore the day before yesterday
•
•
•
•
•
most ........................................................................0
some........................................................................5
none .......................................................................10
I am wearing something that has been mended ....-5
I did the mending .....................................................-5
5. 50% of my clothes are second hand (score for Day 1 only)
• yes ...........0
• no.............20
6. My socks match each other
• no ............0
• yes ..........10
D. Recreation
7. Identify the games, sports and activities you participated in during your spare time
today.
How much equipment did you need to participate?
• none or little ................0
• some ............................10
• quite a bit ....................20
8. How much land was converted to playing fields, ice rinks, swimming pools, gym
space, ski runs, etc. to meet your recreation needs?
• none or little .............................0
• some (<1 hectare) ...................10
• quite a bit (> 1 hectares) ........20
9. I spent the following amount today on purchases (food, clothing,
magazines, sports equipment, etc.)
•
•
•
•
nothing spent............0
200 ฿...............................5
400 ฿ ..........................10
400 ฿+ ..........................20
E. Food
10. I ate the following portions of meat:
•
•
•
•
none.............................0
one portion ...............10
two portions .............20
three portions............30
11. This much food was left on my plate:
• none .............................0
• very little .....................5
• more than a little.......10
12. I composted all vegetable and fruit scraps
• yes ...............................0
• no ................................10
13. The food I ate is locally grown:
• all .................................0
• some ...........................10
• none.............................20
14. The food I ate was packaged in paper or plastic:
• none .............................0
• some ...........................10
• all ................................20
F. Garbage
15. If I were to take everything I threw into the garbage today and put it all into
the same container, I would need this size of container to hold it all:
•
•
•
•
a crate ..............................30
a shoebox ........................20
a cup ..................................5
I produced no garbage......0
G. Living Space
•
•
•
•
Home sq.m./person = _____________
School sq.m./person = ____________
Other sq. m./person = _____________
Total Square meters required by you = ____________
Scoring
•Grand Total = (A+B+C+D+E+F+G)________
•Grand total/100 = Your environmental footprint
in hectares
•WORLDWIDE, THERE EXIST 1.8 BIOLOGICALLY
PRODUCTIVE GLOBAL HECTARES PER PERSON.
How many worlds do you need?