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International Debate Education Association and Willamette University Basics of Argumentation 2010 Advocacy Institute Robert Trapp, Willamette University Agenda • Structure of an Argument – Evidence – Reason – Claim – Reservation • • • • Making an Argument Proposition Case Opposition and Refutation Structure of an Argument • Claim: The basic point that an arguer wishes to make. A single point. Does not include a “because.” • Evidence: The data upon which an argument is constructed. • Reason: Statements (explicit or implicit) that connect the evidence to the claim. • Reservation: Instances when the arguer suggests the claim should not be supported. Model of an Argument Reason Evidence Claim Reservation Example of a Simple Argument Temperature increase is correlated with human activity Temperatures in the Arctic have increased during the last 187 years, but especially in recent years Global climate change is influenced by human activity Making an Argument State your claim Explain your evidence Explain your reasoning Restate your claim Model of a Linked Argument Reason Evidence Claim Evidence Reservation Evidence Example of a Linked Argument Human activity increases production and consumption of energy Production and consumption of energy influences global climate change Logical combination of 1 and 2 Human activity influences global climate change. Model of an Independent Argument Reason Evidence Evidence Evidence Claim Reservation Example of an Independent Argument Evidence correlated to climate change Avg. global surface temperature Avg. global sea level N. hemisphere snow cover Global climate change is influenced by human activity Proposition • A proposition functions just like a claim. • A proposition is the ultimate or final claim that an arguer wishes to make. Argument 1 Proposition Argument 2 Case • A case, simply defined, is one or more arguments offered to support a proposition. Opposition • Opposition, simply defined, is the presentation of one or more arguments against the proposition. Refutation • Refutation is a process of deconstructing and criticizing the arguments opposing the arguer’s case. Summary Choose the better and discard the worse Argument Construction Argument Refutation Generate arguments better than either of the original