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Teaching about CO2, Temperature, and Climate Change Beth Caissie 1, 2 with collaboration from Julie Brigham-Grette1, Laura Schofield3, Christina Ciarametaro3, and Mort Sternheim1 1 UMass Amherst Geosciences and STEM Ed Institute; 2 Iowa State University; 3 Ipswich Middle School June 2012 CO2 and Temperature—What is Normal? • Concepts to Address before you begin – Climate vs. Weather – Greenhouse Gasses – The Carbon Cycle • Play the game? • Photosynthesis and Decomposition • The Role of the Oceans • Concepts to grasp During the Activity – How much of a change in CO2 concentration and other GHGs is natural? – What is the normal range of CO2 and temperature variability? How is normal defined in this context? – What is the relationship between CO2 and global temperatures? The Carbon Cycle IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis; Figure modified from Sarmiento and Gruber, 2006 Play the Carbon Cycle Game! • Go to your assigned station • Roll the Die • Move (or don’t move) according to the sheet at your station • Record what happened for EACH roll of the die on your Itinerary • When you’ve rolled the die 10 times, come up and record your trip on the board. What causes this change in annual Carbon dioxide? http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ Seasonal changes cause up/downs in CO2 in the atmosphere Especially driven by Northern Hemisphere. Spring - photosynthesis drops CO2, Fall - decomposition causes increase in CO2 Monitoring of CO2 and other Greenhouse gases around the world All get similar measurements Why? Thermal drilling on Quelccaya, 2003 Drilling in Greenland Video podcast from Polar Palooza http://passporttoknowledge.com/polar-palooza/pp09a.php Matt Nolan, UAF Fossil air! Summit Station, Greenland photo by Michael Morrison, GISP2 SMO, University of New Hampshire; NOAA Paleoslide SetCore: Eric Cravens, Assistant Curator, U.S. National Ice Core Laboratory; Trapped in the ice; records past atmosphere Raynaud, 1992 Gases within bubbles = fossil atmospheric air Firn-ice transition • Depth of transition depends on surface temperature and accumulation rate • Camp Century, Greenland: ~68 m below ice sheet surface • Vostok, Antarctica: ~100 m below ice sheet surface Low precip. and cold = long time to make ice High precip. and warm = short time to make ice Activity • Students plot subset of either temperature or CO2 data from Vostok • Compile individual plots into 1 record • Overlay Temperature on CO2 Analysis • Define cyclicity of CO2 and temperature (amplitude, frequency) • Define “Normal” range of variability • Understand the relationship between GHG and temperature. Forcing the Ice Ages: Milankovitch Cycles http://deschutes.gso.uri.edu/~rutherfo/milankovitch.html Oxygen (8 protons) 16O 17O 18O 99.8% 0.04% 0.2% Hydrogen (1 proton) 1H 99.98% 2H (Deuterium) 3H (tritium) 0.016% (bombs) So, can make 9 isotopic combinations of H2O, e.g., 18 (1H216O) to 22 (2H218O) “light water” “heavy water” In paleoclimate studies…1H1H16O to 1H218O General Equation: 18O = 18O/16O sample - 18O/16O standard x 1000 18O/16O standard Expressed in per mille (0/00) Negative values = lower ratios = isotopically lighter (less 18O than 16O) Positive values = higher ratios = isotopically heavier (more 18O than 16O) 18O isotopic depletion -20 -30 -40 Ice Sheet -10 ocean -50 0 In Sea Glacials = enriched 18O Interglacials = depleted 18O In Ice depleted 18O enriched 18O D isotopic depletion depends on temp of source area, Distance and processes during precipitation Ice Sheet ocean Isotopic ratios are used to model temperature, at Vostok; empirically this is roughly: Temperature (deg-C) = -55.5 + (δD + 440) / 6 http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/labs/vostok/ See also http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries_by_Unit/Unit_8a.htm