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How sustainable are our sports facilities? Dr Iain James Senior Lecturer Centre for Sports Surface Technology Cranfield University [email protected] Sustainable facilities Environmental Sustainable sport sustainability Key themes Environmental Sustainability • Resource consumption • Water • Pollution • Habitat • Climate change • Mitigation • Adaptation Sustainable Sport • Participation • Revenue generation • Expenditure • Facilities • Quality of surfaces • Durability of surfaces • Tenure UKCP Climate change projections for 2080s All areas of UK warm, summer more than winter (SE England up to +4.2°C) Very little change in annual precipitation totals... Western UK +33% increase in winter precipitation Southern England -40% decrease in summer precipitation Source: UKCP09 Briefing Report June 2009 from ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk Reacting to climate change... Reacting to climate change (preferred model) Adaptation Mitigation Reducing GHGs GHG Balance GHG Emission Aeration Trees Other vegetation Spraying Fertiliser Irrigation Soil GHG Sequestration Turf Mowing Modelling greenhouse gas emissions CO2e Data Aeration Treees Other vegetation Spraying Fertiliser Irrigation Soil Turf Mowing CranTurfC Model Greenhouse gas emissions in g CO2e /m2/y Carbon Footprints for Golf Courses Parkland Golf Course - 430 ± 90 g CO2e m-2 y-1 Parkland Golf Course (without trees) 70 ± 20 g CO2e m-2 y-1 Links Golf Course 0 ± 20 g CO2e m-2 y-1 Winter wheat (UK) 242 g CO2e m-2 y-1 Proportion annual abstracted volume (%) 0.15 m3 round-1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Water footprint for Spanish Golf Club 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Nov Dec Rodríguez-Díaz, J.A., Weatherhead, E.K., García Morillo, J., and Knox, J.W. (2010). Irrigation and Drainage (in press). Rodríguez-Díaz, J.A., Weatherhead, E.K., and Knox, J.W. (2007). Irrigation and Drainage, 56(5):541-549. On the subject of footprints... Water footprint for the Parkland Course 6-12 m3 round-1 Case study: The Sustainable Cricket Project Funded by ECB Places With: Dr Andre Daccache, Dr Jerry Knox, Dr Keith Weatherhead, Andy Carmichael Aims • Develop a ‘Climate’ strategy for adaptation and mitigation of: • Future climate projections • Current climate variations • Provide advice and guidance to clubs to achieve the ‘win-wins’ from reducing resource consumption and better preparedness. Irrigation need (max potential soil moisture deficit) Climate Clubs with PSMD max > 200 mm % Current 978/7064 13.8 2030 3519/7064 49.8 2050 5047/7064 71.4 Based on UKCP09 50% scenario 1961-1990 (Current benchmark) 2030 2050 Benchmarking survey • Conducting structured interviews at clubs in: • Essex/London (dry) • Worcs/Warwks (experience of flooding) • South West (high rainfall, warm) • Wales (high rainfall, warm) • North East (high rainfall, cooler) • At each location: • 1 x county ground (CCC) • 1 x premier league (PL) • 1 x small club (SC) • 2 x intermediate clubs (IC) Water use • 14/16 clubs (surveyed so far) use mains potable water for irrigation • 3/16 abstracting water for irrigation • Grounds water use (10-20% of total water use): • 1 – 25 m3 y-1 (SC/IC) • up to 250 m3 y-1 (PL) • 10 times this where outfields are irrigated (similar to a golf course irrigating tees and greens) • Only 3 clubs have ever stopped watering due to water restrictions (1976) • Clubs insensitive to current water costs Mains water stress Stress Clubs % Low 2012/6807 29.5 Moderate 2150/6807 31.6 Serious 2645/6807 38.9 Not classified 257/6807 3.8 70% Abstraction resource stress Stress Clubs (7064) % Water available 1784 25.3 No (summer) water available 2300 32.6 Over licensed 1064 15.1 Over abstracted 1048 14.8 Not assessed 62 0.9 Not classified 806 11.4 Water storage is key. • Total rainfall is not changing – distribution is. • Need to store water from excess winter rainfall • Investment in water storage capacity for winter abstraction • Water harvesting Drought not the only problem Photograph from: Worcs CCC (www.wccc.co.uk) Flooding • 5/16 clubs surveyed to date affected by flooding • Flooding only affects insurance of 3/16 clubs • Clubs experiencing regular flooding appear well adapted (but there are limits) • Only 1/16 clubs have a documented flooding procedure. Flood risk No % Risk 269 3.8 Significant (>1:75) 239 3.4 Moderate (1:75-1:200) 276 3.9 Low (1:200-1:1000) 6282 88.9 Not mapped (<1:1000) (7066) Adaptation • Typically clubs are fundraising to survive not to invest. Premier League Small Club Cost of cricket £750 /mbr £142 /mbr Fees & subs £200 /mbr £54 /mbr Shortfall £550 /mbr (73%) £88 /mbr (62%) Shortfall funded by: • Sponsorship (including donations) • Fundraising • Bar revenue and functions limited capacity to adapt Initial thinking How can clubs generate more revenue so they can invest? e.g. more functions = more bar revenue? Alternative model How can clubs cut costs to fund investment? Costs • 25 – 45% of costs on grounds • 13 – 30% of costs on energy Reduce impact (mitigation) Cut input costs Improve balance sheet Invest (adaptation) Cutting energy costs • Q: Are your energy bills going up? • A: Yes! • Q: Is this because of price inflation or consumption? • A: Not sure... • Q: Would you consider adaptation such as insulation to reduce consumption? • A: Yes but cannot afford cost... Facilities survey • Majority of building stock from 1960s-1980s. • Designed for use in summer • Difficult to heat cheaply, difficult to insulate... • Common to find cricket clubs on the flood plain Scales of adaptation Cranfield CC Flood and Water Management Plan Planning & management Energy saving lighting Machinery replacement Building a flood wall Cost Integration of environmental and sport sustainability Environmental Sustainability • Resource consumption • Water • Pollution • Habitat • Climate change • Mitigation • Adaptation Sustainable Sport • Participation • Revenue generation • Expenditure • Facilities • Quality of surfaces • Durability of surfaces • Tenure How do we achieve this? • Strategy at ECB level • Strategy at club level • Education: • Helping clubs analyse current practice • Signposting information & resources • Providing guidance (Cranfield/ECB) • Providing training/reinforcement (IOG/ECB) Summary • Sport needs to adapt and mitigate to effects of: • Current climate • Future climate • Other challenges (resource shortfalls, population increase) • Case study of how cricket are doing this reveals close relationship between environmental and sporting sustainability Future sports facilities? • Fewer, more intensively used facilities • Greater sharing among clubs • Alternative funding models • Smaller resource footprints (carbon, water, minerals, chemicals) • Greater participation? • Increased population • Participation = health and social well being (for now) • ‘Better’ summer weather? How sustainable are our sports facilities? Dr Iain James Senior Lecturer Centre for Sports Surface Technology Cranfield University [email protected] Carbon foot-printing golf with CranTurfC From: Bartlett MD, James IT. A model of greenhouse gas emissions from the management of turf on two golf courses. Science of the Total Environment 600 GHG Sequestration (-) or Emission (+) g CO2e /m2/y 400 200 0 -200 Tees Fairways Greens -400 Soil respiration Aeration Mowing Irrigation Fertiliser Pesticides -600 -800 -1000 C-Sequestration -1200 Rough Trees Other Other factors Source: DCMS Climate Change Plan 2010-2012