Download Chapter 10

Chapter 14
BLOOD!
I. Function of Blood
A. Pick up and delivery
system (Federal Express)
1. Picks up food and
oxygen from the
digestive and respiratory
systems
2.
Delivers them to
cells while picking up
wastes from cells for
delivery to the
excretory organs
B. Also functions as the
body’s heat regulating
mechanism
 1. Absorbs large quantities
of heat and transfers this
heat from the core of body
to its surface, where it can
be dissipated.
II. Composition of Blood
A. Volume of blood
1. Females – 4 to 5 liters
2. Males – 5 to 6 liters
3. One unit of blood is
about 0.5 liters
B. Blood components
 1. Plasma – fluid like portion
made 90% of water and 10%
solutes (proteins, electrolytes
and antibodies)
 2. Formed elements
a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Platelets
Composition of Blood
III. Red Blood Cells
A. Anatomy
1. Normal, mature RBC
has no nucleus,
mitochondria, or
ribosomes
Contains hemoglobin – a red
pigment which has 4 iron atoms
attached. Each RBC has 200-300
million molecules of hemoglobin
 3. Depressed in the middle so it
has a thinner middle (think of a Jr.
mint)
a. Unique shape allows it to be
flexible as it is forces to pass
through deforming passages
 2.
B. RBC’s are the most
numerous of the cells
found in blood
C. Physiology – main
function is to transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide
in the body
D. Lifecycle
 1. Formed in the bone marrow
 2. Circulates about 105-120
days, but then becomes
fragmented and breaks apart
 3. Macrophage cells
phagocytose the aged RBC
fragments
 4. The iron is returned to the
bone marrow to make new RBC
Circulation
for about
Circulation
for about
120 days
120 days
7
3
Reused for
protein synthesis
Amino
acids
Globin
4
Fe3+
6
5
Fe3+
Transferrin
Transferrin
2 Heme
Fe3+
Ferritin
Transferrin
Bilirubin
9
11 Red blood cell
Biliverdin
Biliverdin
Bilirubin
11
10
Red blood
death
and cell
death and
phagocytosis
phagocytosis
Small
intestine
Kidney
13
12
Urobilin
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Stercobilin
Urine
Liver
Feces
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
8 Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Bacteria
Key:
in blood
14
Large
intestine
in bile
IV. White Blood
cells
A. Anatomy and
Physiology and Lifespan
1. All have nuclei and
generally larger than
RBC
a.
Granulocytes (all for
acute infection)
i. Neutrophils – function
for cellular defense –
phagocytosis of small
microorganisms. Lasts
from hours to 3 days.
Eosinophils – functions for
cellular defense –
phagocytosis of large
microorganisms, especially in
digestive and respiratory
tracts. Lasts 10-12 days
iii. Basophils – functions to
secrete heparin (anticoagulant)
and histamine. Lasts hours to
3 days.
ii.
b.
Agranulocytes (all for
chronic infection)
i. Lymphocytes –
functions to secrete
antibodies. Lasts days
to years
Monocytes –
functions to migrate
out of blood to enter
tissue space as a
macrophage and
ingesting bacteria,
cellular debris and
cancerous cells. Lasts
months.
ii.
B. Formation of WBC
1. The granulocytes and
a few agranulocytes
originate in the red bone
marrow
2. Most agranulocytes
originate in lymphatic
tissue
V. Platelets
A. Function is to help form
blood clots called platelet
plug which stops the flow of
blood in to the tissues.
B. Lifespan – Lasts 7 to 10
days
VI. ABO Blood Types
Refers to the type of
antigen (A, B, and Rh)
located on the surface of
the RBC membrane
A. Types
 1. Type A blood has A
antigen on the RBC
 2. Type B blood has B
antigen on the RBC
 3. Type AB blood has both
antigens A and B on the
RBC
 4. Type O has NEITHER A
antigen nor B antigen
B. Two important
principles
1. A person never has
antibodies against their
own antigens on their
own RBC. If it did the
antibody would destroy
his own RBC
2. A person does contain the
antibodies against the
opposite antigen (exception
with type AB blood)
 a. Type A blood contains
antigen A and antibody B
 b. Type B blood contains
antigen B and antibody A
 c.
Type AB blood contains
antigens A and B but
neither antibody A nor B
 d. Type O blood contains
neither antigen A or B but
does contain antibodies A
and B
ABO Blood Groups
C. Giving the person a
blood type that does not
match will cause
agglutination where the
blood cells clump
D. Universal donor –
Type O because it does
not contain antigens A
or B so it can be safely
given to MOST
individuals
E. Transfusion – receiving
blood at the time of need. If it
is someone else’s blood it’s
called homologous
transfusion. If it is your own
blood, it is called autologous
transfusion.
VII. Rh System
A. Rh + means Rh antigen
os present on RBC while
Rh – means it is not.
(blood test required at
marriage)
B. Normally Rh antibodies
are not present unless an
Rh – person has received
Rh + blood. This can
happen in two ways
If an Rh – person
receives a transfusion
(can be male or female)
1.
If an Rh – woman marries and Rh
+ man and becomes pregnant with
his child. If the baby is Rh + the
mother will make antibodies in her
blood. The danger comes with the
2nd pregnancy if she has an Rh +
baby then her blood will react
against the 2nd baby. To stop the
mother from making Rh antibodies ,
an Rh – will will be given a shot of
RhoGam….so the possibility of
harming the baby is no longer there.
 2.
VIII. Blood’s ability to Clot
This is called
coagulation.
Coagulation can be
good or bad
A. Good – if vessel
becomes ruptured or cut
then the blood needs to
thicken and clot at the site
Injury occurs – step one:
sticky platelets first arrive on
the scene to make a platelet
plug. This is activated by
applying pressure
 1.
 2.
Then fibrin (think threads of
tissue) trap RBC’s to form a
clot or mesh (“scab”)
B. Bad – if not needed,
coagulation must be prevented.
You want your blood to flow at a
good rate without any clots.
Clots can block a particular
passage way and cause tissue
death (in the heart or brain)
C. Factors that induce
coagulation
 1. Rough spot in vessel
lining – such as build up of
plaques of cholesterol-lipid
material
Slow blood flow – as in body
immobility – as in patients who are
bed ridden. Physicians insist that
bed patients be moved frequently.
 3. Heparin is given to thin the
blood and keep clots from forming.
Some older people take an asprin a
day to keep the blood from forming
clots (Bayer commercial)
 2.
 4.
Other drugs have been
used to dissolve clots. If
stroke victim is given a clot
dissolving drug within 6
hours then it can often
improve the serious after
affects of the stroke.
IX. Conditions of
the Blood
A. Anemia
Low RBC count
Therefore deficiency in
hemoglobin which carries the
oxygen molecules to the cells
and therefore the patient
experiences fatigue
B. Leukopenia
A decrease WBC count such as
in AIDS
Lower WBC decreases their
immune system (Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
so they are not able to fight off
common illnesses
C. Leukocytosis
An increase in WBC count
Patient will have elevated
WBC count when fighting a
bacterial infection
One of the key symptoms is
appendicitis
D. Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh positive fetus that is
carried by Rh negative
mother that has built
antibodies against the
babies blood
E. Leukemia
Malignant condition of the
blood
Five different types in
which there is
leukocytosis and anemia
F. Hemophilia
This was a common illness in the
Royal family….beginning with
Czar Nicholas and his son
Patient is unable to clot blood
and theu can bleed to death from
very minor injuries
G. Thrombosis
Clot the stays put in the
same place it forms
H. Embolism
A clot that becomes
dislodged and travels the
circulatory system
This is what a clot is harmful,
if it gets lodged and blocks
blood, especially in the brain
or heart
I. Hypovolemic Shock
Hypo– low, vol- volume,
emic- blood
Person suffering from
losing large amounts of
blood.
Results in 4 things:
1. Causes heart to race to try
to pump blood that is not
there (common sign right
before death)
2. The blood pressure drops
causing collapse or fainting
3. Kidneys stop producing
UA to conserve the volume of
blood that is left
4. Person becomes very
thirsty as the blood craves
fluids to replace the lost
blood volume
The last hours of Christ:
Medical experts believe
that Jesus was in
hypovolemic shock from
the Roman flogging that
occurred before his death
First of all hematidrosis
(blood sweat) leaves
your skin in a very
fragile condition..
Floggings in those days
were braided leather
whips with metal ball,
chipped bone and
stones interwoven
The beatings were from
the shoulders to the
buttocks and down the
hamstrings. The bone
chips and metal would grip
the skin and tear as it went
down the back
Historians of that day
report that often the
veins, muscles, and
bowels if the victim were
often open and exposed
So most assuredly
Jesus lost a tremendous
amount of blood during
this time
READ Luke 23:26
nd
2
Jesus goes into the
part of hypovolemic
shock and collapses,
unable to carry the
cross
READ John 19:28
Here is part 4 of the
shock…..He experiences
excessive thirst