Download Blood groups blood groups is represented by substances on the

Blood groups
blood groups is represented by substances on the surface of the red
blood cells ( RBC ) , these substances contain sequences of amino acids
and carbohydrate called antigen. the immune system makes specific
antibodies which binds to a particular blood group antigen and an
immunological memory against that antigen is formed.
For example in blood transfusion , these antibodies can bind to antigens
on the surface of the transfused RBC often leading to destruction of the
RBC by other components of immune system.
1- Blood group AB:
- individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBC
- blood serum does not contain any antibody against either A or B
antigens, therefore , an individual with type AB blood can receive
blood from any group , but can only donate blood to another blood
group AB individual.
- AB blood is known as Universal receiver.
2- Blood group A:
- individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBC.
- blood serum containing IgM antibodies against B antigen, therefore
group A individual can only receive blood from individual of group A
or O and can donate blood to individuals of group A or AB
3- Blood group B:
- individuals have the B antigen on the surface of the RBC .
- blood serum containing IgM antibodies against A antigen, therefore ,
group B individual can only receive blood from individuals of group B
or O and can donate blood to individuals of group B or AB.
4- Blood group O :
- individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their
RBC,
- blood serum contain IgM antibodies against both A and B antigens,
therefore, group O individual can only receive blood from group O
individual , but can donate blood to individuals of ( A, B, O and AB ) .
- O blood is known as Universal donor.
Rh factor
many people have the Rh factor on the RBC , Rh carriers don’t have the
antibodies for the Rh factor, but can make them if exposed to Rh . most
commonly Rh is seen when anti-Rh antibodies cross from mothers
placenta into child befor birth . the Rh factor enters the child and
destroying the child's RBC, this is called hemolytic disease.
The procedure:
1- put three drops of blood on a clean slide and separate each drop
from another.
2- put anti- A on the first drop of blood and mix with wooden stick.
- put anti- B on the second drop of blood and mix with wooden stick.
- put anti- D on the third drop of blood and mix with wooden stick.
3- the results:
- if agglutination occurs in the first drop only , it means the blood group
is A
- if agglutination occurs in the second drop only , it means the blood
group is B
- if agglutination occurs in the first and second drops , it means the
blood group is AB.
- if agglutination does not occur in the first and second drops , it means
the blood group is O
- if agglutination occurs in the third drop , it means the blood group has
Rh +
- if agglutination does not occur in the third drop , it means the blood
group has Rh-