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Blood groups blood groups is represented by substances on the surface of the red blood cells ( RBC ) , these substances contain sequences of amino acids and carbohydrate called antigen. the immune system makes specific antibodies which binds to a particular blood group antigen and an immunological memory against that antigen is formed. For example in blood transfusion , these antibodies can bind to antigens on the surface of the transfused RBC often leading to destruction of the RBC by other components of immune system. 1- Blood group AB: - individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBC - blood serum does not contain any antibody against either A or B antigens, therefore , an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group , but can only donate blood to another blood group AB individual. - AB blood is known as Universal receiver. 2- Blood group A: - individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBC. - blood serum containing IgM antibodies against B antigen, therefore group A individual can only receive blood from individual of group A or O and can donate blood to individuals of group A or AB 3- Blood group B: - individuals have the B antigen on the surface of the RBC . - blood serum containing IgM antibodies against A antigen, therefore , group B individual can only receive blood from individuals of group B or O and can donate blood to individuals of group B or AB. 4- Blood group O : - individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBC, - blood serum contain IgM antibodies against both A and B antigens, therefore, group O individual can only receive blood from group O individual , but can donate blood to individuals of ( A, B, O and AB ) . - O blood is known as Universal donor. Rh factor many people have the Rh factor on the RBC , Rh carriers don’t have the antibodies for the Rh factor, but can make them if exposed to Rh . most commonly Rh is seen when anti-Rh antibodies cross from mothers placenta into child befor birth . the Rh factor enters the child and destroying the child's RBC, this is called hemolytic disease. The procedure: 1- put three drops of blood on a clean slide and separate each drop from another. 2- put anti- A on the first drop of blood and mix with wooden stick. - put anti- B on the second drop of blood and mix with wooden stick. - put anti- D on the third drop of blood and mix with wooden stick. 3- the results: - if agglutination occurs in the first drop only , it means the blood group is A - if agglutination occurs in the second drop only , it means the blood group is B - if agglutination occurs in the first and second drops , it means the blood group is AB. - if agglutination does not occur in the first and second drops , it means the blood group is O - if agglutination occurs in the third drop , it means the blood group has Rh + - if agglutination does not occur in the third drop , it means the blood group has Rh-