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Diagnosis By Caleb Clark, JJ Van Ettan, Kayla Wilson, and Tiffany Wells Structural Classes of Joints Fibrous- connect bones, no movement, made of dense connective tissue: mainly collagen. (Squamous suture) Cartilaginous-attach bones with cartilage; little or no movement; made of cartilage. (invertebral discs) Synovial- much movement; synovial fluid between bones; lubricates and protects. (elbow) Functional Classes of Joints Synarthrosis- does not move; a fixed joint. (teeth) Amphiarthrosis- allows only a little movement. (vertebral column) Diarthrosis- allows the most motion. (Hip joint) Fibrous Joints Sutures- immovable joints holding the skull bones together and are made of sharpeys fibers. Syndesmosisbetween long bones; movable Gomphosis-Between root of tooth and the socket in the jaw. Cartilaginous Joints This are joints that are entirely connected by cartilage. Two types Symphyses joints which are connected fibro cartilage Synchondroses joints which are connected by hyaline cartilage. This joints are more movable than fibrous joints but move less freely than synovial joints. Growth plates and intervertebral discs are examples of some. Synovial Joints This is the most common joint in the body. All synovial joints are diarthrosis, they are the most freely moving type of joint. A synovial joint is two bones with the hyaline cartilage covering their articulating surfaces. Cavity between the joint bones is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, The synovial membrane lines the cavity and emits synovial fluid. The synovial fluid occupies the cavity and lubricates and provides nourishment for the articular cartilage. Examples of a synovial joint includes the knee and hip. The Six Types Of Synovial Joints The Gliding Joint is where the bones of the joint can only glide or slide past each other. The Hinge Joint is a joint that only lets the attached parts bend or unbend, An example of this would be an elbow. Pivot Joints and Condyloid Joints A pivot joint allows the bones of the joint to turn around and axis. An example of this is the neck and forearms of the body. Condyloid joints, also called ellipsoidal joints, can move back and forth, and up and down, but they cannot rotate. This joint includes two bones: a concave one, and a convex one. An Example of this joint is the wrist. Saddle Joint and Ball And Socket Joint A saddle joint is called this because it looks like a saddle. It can move just like a condyloid joint only with a greater magnitude. An example of this joint would be the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. A ball and Socket Joint lets the attached part move in just about every direction. It is a rounded bone fitted into a rounded socket and an example of this joint is the hips and shoulders. The Types Of Movement Abduction: moving away from the body. Adduction: moving closer to the body. Extension: unbending a limb at a joint. Flexion: bending a limb at the joint. Rotation: rotating around an axis. Rheumatoid Arthritis This is a joint disease were the joints become inflamed and swelled. It may also lead to loss of function and stiffness in the effected joints. The reason for RA are still unknown some believe environment, genes, and hormones might contribute to the disease. Is more common in females then males. Is not limited to joints. Can attack eyes, lungs and the patients mouth Can be classified as an autoimmune disease. Rheumatoid Arthritis continued RA attacks the joints of the shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands, knees, and the ankles most often. A healthy diet and exercise contribute to the prevention of this disease. There isn’t a cure but the treatment for this disease requires regular exercise. Osteoarthritis Also known as Degenerative joint Disease or OA Like RA, OA causes swelling, and pain. It may also reduce joint motion. Its most often in the hands, knees, spin, and hips but still can occur in any other joint. OA is caused by obesity, old age, and past injuries to joints. The pain of OA is caused because the cartilage in the joints are worn down so the bones rub together. Over time the damage will become permanent. It can be prevented by avoiding unnecessary stress on the joint, exercise, watch your weight, and keep a good posture. Osteoarthritis continued Treatments for OA are managed by exercise, weight loss (if overweight), pain relief medication, rest, some alternative therapies such as; acupuncture and natural remedies; and if the case demands it surgery. Sprain A sprain affects ligaments. A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament. Some symptoms are bruising, swelling, pain with movement, and shakiness. Is a minor injury. Can be caused by a fall or a abnormal alignment of a joint. One of the best ways to prevent it is to avoid falling or overextending ligaments These usually heal on their own but can possible require surgery if the sprain is severe enough. Can be prevented by stretching exercises, braces, wraps, and chiropractor visits. Strain A strain is an injury involving muscles or tendons. This is a tear, twist or pull of the muscle or tendon. Strain injures are due to over stretching or some sort of contraction. Symptoms are pain, muscle spasms, and weakness in the effected area. Is a minor injury Sometime it can heal on its own but if it’s a really bad strain surgery may be needed. Can be prevented by stretching before strenuous activity, stopping strenuous activity when you’re tired, and wearing the right protective gear. Words to keep in Mind… Articulation: a fixed or movable joint between inflexible parts the body. Arthrology: the treatment and diagnosis of the body’s joints. Kinesiology: study of anatomy, physiology, mechanics of the body. Rheumatology: scientific study dealing with study, diagnosis, and treatment of rheumatoid diseases. Dislocation: irregular displacement of bone or body part from normal position. Autoimmune disease: disease in which impaired function and the destruction of tissue are caused by an immune reaction in which abnormal antibodies are produced and attack the body’s own cells and tissues. Works Cited www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatiodarthritis.html www.healthcentral.com/osteoarthritis/alternative-treatments.html http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML http://moon.ouhsc.edu/dthompso/namics/joints.HTM http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12004 http://physicaltherapy.about.com/od/sportsinjuries/a/strainvsspra in.htm http://www.medicallook.com/human_anatomy/organs/Fibrous_joints.html