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Articulations ( Joints ) Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction Joint classification Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Types Movements 6. Factors affecting range of motion 7. Aging and joints 8. Disorders Rheumatism Arthritis Gout 1. Introduction: -Joint (Articulation or arthrosis) is a point of contact between two bones, between cartilage and bone or between teeth and bones -Arthrology: Science that deals the study of joints 2. Joint classification: a. Structurally: -Fibrous -Cartilaginous -Synovial b. Functionally ( related to movements) -Synarthroses ( immovable ) -Amphiarthroses ( partially movable ) - Diarthroses ( Freely movable ) 3. Fibrous joint: Joint where bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue----permit very little or no movement Types of fibrous joint: i. ii. iii. Sutures: Composed of a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue that unites skull bone. Syndesmoses: Joint with more fibrous connective tissue: Joint of Tibia and Fibula Gomphosis: Joint where a cone shaped peg fits into a socket. Root of teeth in the socket 4. Cartilaginous joint: - Articulating bones are connected by either fibrocartilage or Hyaline cartilage –allows little movement. Types of Cartilaginous joint: i. ii. Synchondrosis: Joint where connecting material is hyaline cartilage. Epiphyseal plate connect diaphysis with epiphysis Symphysis: Where connecting material is a fibrocartilage disc. Intervertebral disc & pubic symphysis 5. Synovial joint: - Must have synovial cavity between the articulating bones and are freely movable a. Structures: i. Articular cartilage ii. Articular capsule: composed of outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane iii. Accessory ligaments and articular disc iv. Synovial fluid: secreted by synovial membrane. b. Sprain and strain: Sprain is forcible twisting causing stretch and tear of ligaments but does not dislocate Strain is a stretched or partially torn muscle c. Types of synovial joint: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Planar joint: permit side to side movement. Intercarpal, intertarsal joints Hinge joint: Knee, elbow ankle joints Pivot joint: round surface of one bone fits into ring formed by another bone.Head of radius with radial notch of ulna Ellipsoidal/ Condyloid joint: Oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. Carpal (Scaphoid) with radius Saddle shaped joint: Carpal (Trapezium) with metacarpal of the thumb Ball-and-socket joint:Hip joint and shoulder joint are good example. d. Types of movement of synovial joint: 1. Gliding movement: Occur in planar joints 2. Angular movements: There is an increase or decrease in the angle between the articulating bones. They are: i. ii. iii. iv. Flexion: causes a decrease in the angle Extension: results in an increase in the angle Lateral flexion: causes movement of the trunk sideways at the intervertebral joint Hyperextension: Continuation of extension beyond anatomical position of the joint 3. Other movements: i. ii. iii. Abduction: Movement away from midline Adduction: movement towards midline Circumduction: movement of the distal end of a part of the body in a circle. 4. Special movements: i. ii. iii. Elevation: Upward movement Depression: Downward movement Protraction: Movement anteriorly in the transverse plane iv. Retraction: Protracted part back to anatomical position v. Inversion: Movement of sole medially vi. Eversion: Movement of sole laterally vii. Dorsiflexion: Bending of the foot at ankle towards the leg viii. Planter flexion: Bending of the foot in the direction of planter surface ix. x. xi. Supination: Palm is turned anteriorly Pronation: Palm is turned posteriorly Opposition: Movement of thumb across the palm to touch the tips of all fingers in the same hand 5. Disorders: i. Rheumatoid arthritis: Autoimmune disease. Immune system attacks its own cartilage and joint lining. Causes loss of joint function ii. Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease— called wear & tear arthritis. Affects weight bearing joints iii. Gouty arthritis: sodium crystals are deposited in soft tissues of joints.