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Spinal Conditions
Chapter 9
Spinal Column
 Cervical
 Thoracic
 Lumbar
 Sacral
 Coccygeal
7 vertebrae
12 vertebrae
5 vertebrae
5 fused vertebrae
4 small fused vertebrae
Vertebrae
 Body
 Vertebral arch
 Several bony processes
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Articular processes (facet joints)
Pedicles
Intervertebral Discs
 Fibrocartilaginous
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Annulus Fibrosus
Nucleous Pulposus (gelatinous)
 Poor circulatory supply
Ligaments of the Spine
 Anterior Longitudinal Ligaments
 Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments
 Supraspinous Ligament
 Ligamentum Flavum
Muscles of the Spine
 Erector Spinae muscles
 Provide:
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Lateral flexion
Lateral rotation
Flexion
Extension
Spinal Nerves
 31 pairs emanate from the cord
 Cervical
8 pairs
 Thoracic
12 pairs
 Lumbar
5 pairs
 Sacral
5 pairs
 Coccygeal
1 pair
Brachial Plexus
 C5 – T1 nerve roots
 Innervate:
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Arm
Forearm
Hand
Lumbar Plexus
 T12 – L5 nerve roots
 Innervate:
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Quadriceps
Adductor muscle group
Sacral Plexus
 L4 – L5
 Innervate:
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Muscles of the Buttocks
Posterior muscles of the lower leg
Anterior muscles of the lower leg
Lateral muscles of the lower leg
Anatomical Variations
 Kyphosis- Accentuation of the thoracic curve
 Scoliosis- Lateral curve of the spine
 Lordosis- Abnormal exaggeration of the
lumbar curve
Cervical Spine Injuries
 Cervical Sprains
 Cervical Strains
 Cervical Spinal Stenosis
 Spear Tacklers Spine
 Cervical Fractures and Dislocations
Cervical Spine Injuries cont.
 Brachial Plexus Injuries
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Acute Burners or Stingers
Chronic Burners or Stingers
 Suprascapular Nerve Injury
Thoracic Spine Injuries
 Thoracic Contusions, Strains, and Sprains
 Thoracic Spinal Fractures and Apophysis
 Scheurmann’s Disease
 Spondylolisthesis
Lumbar Spine Injuries
 Lumbar Contusions, Strains, and Sprains
 Low Back Pain
 Sciatica
 Lumbar Disc Injuries
 Lumbar Fractures and Dislocations
Sacrum and Coccyx Injuries
 Sacroiliac Joint Sprain
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ASIS
PSIS
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
 Coccygodynia
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Direct blow to coccyx causing fracture or
contusion to the area causing pain to the nerves.
Evaluation
 HOPS
 Active motion should not be performed when
there is pain over the vertebrae or when there
are motor or sensory deficits noted.
 Palpation- Warning signs should include
temperature, swelling, point tenderness,
deformity, crepitus, muscle spasm, and
cutaneous sensation.