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Unit A 2.02
Principles of
Infection
2.02 Understand infection control
procedures
1
Types of
Infections
2.02 Understand infection control procedures
Types of Infections
Infection
invasion of the body by microorganisms or
pathogens
 invading microorganisms:

– use the host’s resources to multiply
– interfere with normal function
– 3rd leading cause of death in the U. S.
2.02 Understand infection control
procedures
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Types of Infections
VERY IMPORTANT
Any sign of infection must be
reported to the nurse or
doctor!
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procedures
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Types of Infections
Local infection

only a specific portion of the body is
infected
– pain
– redness
– heat at the site
– swelling
– pus
– foul smelling drainage
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procedures
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Types of Infections
Systemic infection
 affects the entire body
– fever
– aches
– chills
– nausea
– vomiting
– weakness
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procedures
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Types of Infections

Endogenous (endo- inside; genous- type
or kind)
– type or kind of infection or disease that
originates from within the body

Exogenous (exo- outside; genous- type or
kind)
– type or kind of infection or disease that
originates outside the body
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procedures
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Types of Infections

Nosocomial infections
– Hospital acquired infection
– Transmitted by the health care
worker

Opportunistic infections
– Infections that occur when the
body’s defenses are
weakened
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procedures
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Types of Infections
VERY IMPORTANT
Any sign of infection must be
reported to the nurse or
doctor!
2.02 Understand infection control
procedures
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Classes of
Microorganisms
2.02 Understand infection control
procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

Non-pathogenic
– normal
– do not produce disease
– beneficial

Pathogenic
– cause infection and disease
 May be non-pathogenic in one body system,
pathogenic in another (E. coli)
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

Aerobic
– requires oxygen to live

Anaerobic
– does not require oxygen to live
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

6 classes of microorganisms
– Bacteria
– Protozoa
– Fungi
– Rickettsiae
– Viruses
– Helminths
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

Bacteria
 Often considered the causes of disease
 Certain bacteria
– produce antibiotics
– live in the body without problems
– live on the roots of certain plants,
converting nitrogen into a usable form
– help break down dead organic matter

Classified by shape and arrangement
 Treated with antibiotics
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms
 Bacteria
–Cocci round in shape
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Staphylococcal meningitis
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms
 Bacteria
–Bacilli
 rod shape
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms
 Bacteria
Cholera
–Spirilla
 spiral or corkscrew shape
Spirochete
Lyme disease
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms
Bacteria
 Some bacteria develop resistance to
antibiotics
 Very difficult to cure

– Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA)
– Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus (MDSA)
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

Protozoa
– One celled, animal-like organism
– Contain a nucleus and other defined
organelles
Malaria
African sleeping
sickness
Protozoa
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

Fungi
– organisms that usually enjoy a symbiotic, but
sometimes parasitic relationship with their host
– provide numerous drugs and foods
– provide bubbles in bread, champagne, and beer
– cause a number of plant and animal diseases
– fungal diseases are very difficult to treat
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

Fungi- Red, itchy rash
Thrush
Athlete’s foot
Yeast infections
Jock itch 2.02 Understand infection control
procedures
Ringworm
21
Classes of Microorganisms

Rickettsiae
– rod-shaped, parasitic
bacteria
– live in the tissues of ticks,
fleas, and lice
– transmitted to humans
through bites
Rocky Mountain
spotted fever
Typhus
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

Hepatitis virus
Viruses
– small, infectious agent
– requires a host for survival
– over 5,000 types
– can combine in multiple ways to produce a
wide range of diseases
– produce immune response in humans
– treated with antiviral drugs
Influenza
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procedures
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Classes of Microorganisms

Helminths
–
–
–
–
–
–
Parasitic worm-like organisms
Live inside the host
Feed off their host
Disrupt nutrient absorption
Lead to weakness
Excrete toxins making host
susceptible to other diseases
– Approximately 30 billion people
globally are infected
2.02 Understand infection control
procedures
Pinworm
Tapeworm
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Classes of Microorganisms
Bacteria
 Protozoa
 Fungi
 Rickettsiae
 Viruses
 Helminths

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2.02
Transmitting
Infection
Transmitting Infection

Direct contact

Indirect contact

Airborne

Vector-borne
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procedures
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Transmitting Infection
Direct contact
Person to person
(Physical or sexual)
 Animal to person


Mother to unborn child
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procedures
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Transmitting Infection
Indirect contact
Pathogens are passed along on inanimate
objects in the environment
 Fomites

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procedures
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Transmitting Infection
Airborne
Pathogens are carried
through the air
 Cling to surroundings
and are spread

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procedures
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Transmitting Infection
Vector-borne
Insects carry pathogen from
host to host
 Rodents, small animals

Flea
Mosquito
Tick
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Transmitting Infection
 How
you get an infection…
– Causative agent
– Reservoir
– Portal of exit
– Mode of transmission
– Portal of entry
– Susceptible host…breaking the chain!
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Chain of Infection
Causative agent
Source
or
reservoir
Susceptible host
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
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Chain of Infection

Causative agent
– pathogen
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Chain of Infection

Reservoir
– area where the
pathogen can live
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procedures
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Chain of Infection

Portal of exit
– way for the pathogen to
escape from the
reservoir
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procedures
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Chain of Infection

Mode of transmission
– way for pathogen to be
transmitted
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procedures
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Chain of Infection

Portal of entry
– way to enter new
reservoir
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procedures
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Chain of Infection

Susceptible host
– able to be affected
– person likely to get sick
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Chain of Infection
Causative agent
Source
or
reservoir
Susceptible host
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
2.02 Understand infection control
procedures
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Chain of Infection
2.02 Understand infection control
procedures
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