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Biotechnology and Medicine
Prof. S.K.Panda
Department of Pathology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Translational Medicine has Varying Meanings
The most explicit understanding is possibly
“Research where in a basic laboratory discovery
becomes applicable to the diagnosis, treatment or
prevention of a specific disease”
Bench
Bedside
The Kind of Man Power Required
1. Physician –Scientists. (with or without formal MD-PhD).
2. Collaborative groups consisting of Investigators
interested in basic understanding in physical, Chemical
and Biological sciences with Physicians interested in
solving specific problems.
Areas
There are unlimited possibilities. However, the common areas
a)
Molecular-Cell Biology  Clinical Practice
b)
Computational Intelligence  Interface with Physiology
c)
Physical & Chemical Research  Application in Biology
– Basic research leads to clinical application
– Inter disciplinary research collaboration
– Educational programmes (MD/Ph.D. – physician scientist,
DM-infectious disease including training etc.)
Virus Infection
Cells in similar
environment
Infected Cells
Cells
Replicon Transfection
Un-infected
Cells
Infected Cells
Micro Array
Micro Array
2D + Maldi TOFF
2D + Maldi TOFF
Mass Mass
Mass Mass
Other Studies
Other Studies
Comparison
Molecules being modified
Identification of molecules of interest
Used in
Diagnosis
Clinical
Epidemiological
Therapeutic Dev.
Electronic
Cantilever
• Antigen – Ab Interaction
• Mol. Hybridization
Diagnostic
Platform
Visual recognition system/
Cochlear Implants/ Bionic limbs
Collaboration
Physics
Engineering
Electronics
Physiology
Etc.
ST Lab-on-Chip allows Functions Integrations
ST Lab-on-Chip
Minatec Sept. 2003
Silicon Prototype: 3Dim View
Minatec Sept. 2003
Lab-ON-a Chip
•
Micro Fludic
•
Peltier
•
Microarray
•
•
Electromotive Nucleic acid
movement and Hybridization
Solid state portable laser
scanner built to cell phone
•
Central data server.
•
Rural diagnostic
Biotechnology and therapeutics
Most diseases can be divided etiologically
in to the following categories
 Hereditary diseases
 Infectious diseases
 Neoplastic diseases
 Degenerative diseases
 Inflammatory Diseases
 Endocrine Diseases
Biotechnology can be used
to treat several of them
• By replacing altered genes.
• By knocking out up-regulated genes.
• By delivering deficient enzymes or other biological
products.
• By altering extraneously,response modifiers.
• By making replacement cells in–vivo/ ex-vivo
• By making transgenic organs for transplantation.
• By producing antimicrobials, Ribozymes and gene
silencing RNA.
RNA interference
 RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism
to regulate the expression of genes and the
replication of viruses.
 Mediated by double-stranded small interfering
RNA molecules (siRNA).
 RNAi technology is a comparatively recent
discovery believed by scientists to constitute an
important aspect of a cell’s natural defence
mechanism against parasitic viruses.
 Critically, the cell responds to a foreign (double
stranded) form of siRNA introduced into the cell
by destroying all internal mRNA with the same
sequence as the siRNA.
Cell Therapy
 Cell-based therapies to treat disease, which is
often referred to as regenerative or reparative
medicine.
 Two kinds of stem cells from animals and
humans:
 Embryonic stem cells (In the developing fetus,
stem cells in developing tissues give rise to the
multiple specialized cell types that make up the
heart, lung, skin, and other tissues).
Examples- Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and
heart disease.
 Adult stem cells (bone marrow, muscle, and brain,
discrete populations of adult stem cells generate
replacements for cells that are lost through
normal wear and tear, injury, or disease)
Regenerative Medicine Potential Using Adult Stem Cells
Synthetic Biology
Engineering of new biological components
and organisms and redesign of existing
ones.