Download Preventing the Spread of Disease

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Food
Insects
Water
Human-Contact (Direct and Indirect)
Airborne
Sexually Transmitted
Blood or Bodily Fluids
Sneezing/Coughing
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~48million/yr
250 known diseases
Caused by: bacteria, viruses or parasites
Bodies reaction to manufactured chemicals
Uncooked meat products
Usually transmitted through ingestion
Foods exposed to warmer temperature =
increased growth rate of micro-organisms
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Not caused by the INSECT
( but the organisms passing through their system when they feed or bite)
Caused by many different micro-organisms
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoan
 Micro-organism = Pathogen
 Insect = Vector
 Mosquito bites a bird, bird feeds young....
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Waterborne Diseases-water containing infectious viruses or
bacteria (human/animal waste)
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Water Washed Diseases – skin/eye infections caused by
lack of clean water for washing
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Water Based Diseases – spread by organisms that develop
in water and become human parasites. Insufficiently cooked fish
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Introduced to these micro-organisms through
dirty drinking water, polluted rain water etc..
Urbanization/dam construction – create new
environments for disease to spread.
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Climate Change – spreading range of vectors such as
mosquitoes
 Spread through direct bodily contact with an
infected person.
 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (S.T.Ds)
▪ Parasites – nourished from the people they infect
(medications can treat these)
▪ Bacteria – 1 cell, feed from their host (anti-biotics)
▪ Viruses – complex molecules multiple once they invade
a host (some cannot be cured, but can be controlled
with vaccines)
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Open wounds or body discharges infect
environment and personal belongings
AIRBORNE- pathogenic microbes small
enough to be discharges from an infected
person (coughing, laughing)
▪ Suspended in air on dust particles
 Can be inhaled or contacts the mucus membrane to infect
someone
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3 MAIN TYPES
 Harmful Bacteria
 Viruses
 Parasitic Organisms
Can survive in the body, but outside individual
cells.
 Treated with antibiotics
 Commonly caused by: pneumococci,
staphylococci and streptococci
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▪ Commensals (live harmlessly on their host but can become
virulent)
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Give off toxins that damage tissues
▪ Aerobes – require oxygen
▪ Anaerobes – grow only in absence of oxygen (small intestine)
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Streptococcal bacteria, Neisseria meningitidis,
E.coli
Pathogenic bacteria reproduce and crowd out
healthy bacteria, or grow in normally sterile tissue.
Salmonella bacteria- leading cause of food
poisoning
▪ 2000 types of bacteria that make up salmonella that cause
illness by reproducing in the digestive tract
▪ Direct contact or ingestion of something with bacteria on it (
not fully cooked chicken)
▪ Reptiles and Amphibians (snakes) carry salmonella on their skin
▪ SYMPTOMS – headache, diarrhea, fever, nausea
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Not living things, but require “machinery” of
living organisms to replicate (human body)
Vaccination is most common treatment for
viral infections
Mostly airborne
Typically a nucleic acid in a protein coat
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Chickenpox, herpes and shingles
Influenza (flu)– inhalation of virus (airborne)
 Attacks cells in the upper respiratory tract
 Spread through droplets (caugh, laugh or talking)
 Symptoms – cough, fatigue, sore throat
3 main types: Protozoa, Helminths and
Ectoparasites
 PROTOZOA – One-Celled
 Transmission through arthropod vector (blood
or tissue)
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▪ Mosquito bite
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Transmission through fecal-oral route (living in
intestine)
▪ Contaminated food
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Organism that lives on or in a host organism
▪ Gets its food from the host
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Giardia Lamblia – flagellated parasite –
colonizes and reproduces in small intestine
▪ Remains confined to lumen of S.I and absorbs nutrients from
lumen
▪ Transmission – ingestion of contaminated water
▪ Symptoms – anorexia, nausea and bloating
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Characterized by mode of transportation
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Flagellates
Amebas
Spore-Forming
Ciliates
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It is a biological preparation that improves
immunity to a particular disease.
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It stimulates the body’s IMMUNE SYSTEM to
recognize the foreign agent, destroy it and
keep record of it.
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Made up of: cells, glands, organs, and fluids
located throughout the body.
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Recognizes germs (antigens)
and produces a protein
substance called antibodies
to fight antigens.
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Remember the original antigen and then
automatically defend against the specific
antigen if re-infected.
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Are responsible for immunity to diseases.
Stimulate the production of Antibodies
Stimulate the production of Memory Cells
Resulting in Immunity to specific diseases
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Is the transfer of active immunity in the form
of readymade antibodies.
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Provides immediate protection against an
antigen.
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Refers to antibody-mediated conveyed to a
fetus from its mother during pregnancy.
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Also provided through the transfer of IgA
antibodies found in breast milk.
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Short-term immunization induced by the
transfer of antibodies.
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Used to treat acute infection and poisoning.
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The body’s ability to prepare itself for future
infections by creating antibodies and
memory cells.
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Innate immune system protects an individual
from pathogens regardless of experience.
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Occurs when a person is exposed to a live
pathogen and the body produces a primary
immune response.
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It is “natural” as it is not induced by a
deliberate exposure.
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Is induced by a vaccine that contains an
antigen.
There are 4 types of vaccinations:
1. Inactivated Vaccines
2. Live attenuated Vaccines
3. Toxoids
4. Subunit Vaccines
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Wash your hands
Cough or Sneeze into the sleeve of your shirt
Avoid sharing toiletries
Good nights rest
Drink lots of water
Eat colourful fruits and veggies
Exercise
Eat Garlic