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Chapter 11 Infection Control Overly Concerned? • How concerned do Americans need to be about contracting serious infectious diseases? • 10-20% of Americans get the flu each year. • 10-30 million people will be infected with Hepatitis B each year. • 50% of all skin infections people get are caused by MRSA. The Infection Cycle • Infection cycle: chain of events allowing a pathogen to infect a host 3 Pathogen • Any disease causing microorganism The Chain of Infection • Reservoir Hostthe individual who has the infection. • This person is called a carrier if they do not have any visible signs or symptoms. The Chain of Infection • Portal of ExitThe route of escape for the pathogen. • Example: break in the skin, saliva, reproductive fluids, or blood. The Chain of Infection • Route of Transmissionthe method by which the pathogen spreads from the reservoir host to someone else. • Example: direct contact, air, insects. The Chain of Infection • Portal of Entryhow the pathogen enters the new host. • Example: breaks in the skin, urinary tract, reproductive tracts, and respiratory tract. The Chain of Infection • Susceptible Host- the source who has the pathogen and supports the pathogen’s life and reproduction. • Example: infants, the elderly, people with poor immune systems. Breaking the Chain of Infection • Spread of disease can be stopped by removing any link in the chain – Kill pathogen before it enters host – Change the environment in which the bacteria lives • For instance, if the pathogen needs moisture, keep the area clean and dry 10 Help Prevent the Spread of Infection! • Wash hands frequently • Wear gloves and other protective clothing – Gowns, goggles, and masks • Exposure to blood or other body fluids exists • Working with clients who may be infectious 11 Help Prevent the Spread of Infection! • Keep your immunizations up-to-date – Especially hepatitis vaccinations 12 Medical Asepsis (Clean Technique) • Practices and procedures designed to ensure a clean environment – Removing or destroying disease-causing microorganisms 13 Hand washing: The Key to Medical Asepsis • Hand washing is done at the following times: – When first arriving at work – Before performing each procedure on a client – During a procedure if hands become contaminated 14 Hand washing: The Key to Medical Asepsis Continued – Between each client when a procedure is performed – After using the restroom – After removing gloves from your hands – Before eating 15 Hand washing 16 Using Gloves • The Athletic Trainer: – Should always wear gloves whenever blood or body fluids are present • Even when the potential for such fluids are present, gloves must be worn 17 Removing Gloves 18 Contaminated Sharps • A serious risk exists when punctured by a needle or other sharp object • Never recap or bend a dirty needle 19 Reducing the Risk of Puncture Wounds • Immediately clean a puncture wound with alcohol and Betadine and cover the wound • Report this to your supervisor and fill out appropriate forms. 20 Reducing the Risk of Puncture Wounds • Never carry needles or sharp objects from one location to another with the tips pointing toward other people or yourself • Point them toward the floor • Dispose of all needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp objects in the proper puncture-resistant container 21 HIV POSITIVE 22 WHAT IS ACUTE HIV INFECTION • The amount of HIV in the blood gets very high within a few days or weeks after HIV infection. Some people get a flu-like illness. This first stage of HIV disease is called “acute HIV infection” or “primary HIV infection.” – Symptoms generally occur within 2 to 4 weeks. The most common symptoms are fever, fatigue, and rash. Others include headache, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, feeling achy, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and night sweats. 23 RISK OF INFECTING OTHERS • The number of HIV particles in the blood is much higher during acute HIV infection than later on. • Exposure to the blood of someone in the acute phase of infection is more likely to result in infection than exposure to someone with long-term infection. • One research study estimated that the risk of infection is approximately 20 times higher during acute HIV infection 24 Living with HIV/AIDS 25 AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome • Incurable (at present) disease – Great care must be taken to avoid contact with this virus – Wash hands – Wear protective eyewear, gloves, and a mask to prevent exposure to splattering blood or other body fluids • How do you get it? – Coming in direct contact with infected blood – Sexual contact • What is it? – Virus that attacks the immune system (T-cells) – It is a fatal illness 26 AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome 27 HIPAA • HIPAA – Controversial issue – It is NOT mandatory to inform health care providers if a patient has HIV or AIDS – People may be asymptomatic for many years, therefore, health care providers MUST protect themselves as if EVERY patient has the illness 28 Hepatitis A and B • Hepatitis A is caused by a virus. It is the most common form of the disease occurring in children and young adults. Spread through the fecal-oral route. • Vaccination • Hepatitis B is caused by a virus however, this form of the disease is spread through blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva. • Vaccination 29 Hepatitis A, B 30 Hepatitis C • Spread by blood-to-blood contact • Infection can cause liver inflammation • No vaccine against hepatitis C is available • Symptoms of infection can be medically managed, and a proportion of patients can be cleared of the virus by a long course of anti-viral medicines • 150-200 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis 31 Hepatitis C 32 Should people getting tattoos and body piercing be concerned about contracting a bloodborne infection like HBV? Yes. Tattooing and body piercing have the potential to transmit bloodborne infections, including HBV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), if the person doing the tattoos or body piercing does not use good infection control practices. 33 Universal Precautions • Health care workers must be familiar with these precautions: – Wear gloves when one has contact with blood, body secretions, or broken skin – Avoid direct patient contact if you have open wounds or other skin conditions 34 Universal Precautions • Wear protective eyewear, mask, or gown during any procedures that may expose you to splattering blood or other body fluids 35 Universal Precautions • Wash your hands after each patient contact and after removing gloves • Thoroughly wash hands and other skin surfaces immediately following contamination • Carefully dispose of all sharp objects in appropriate puncture-resistant containers 36 Universal Precautions • Avoid giving mouth-tomouth resuscitation • Use breathing barriers, face masks, and BagValve masks 37